Effects of dietary supplementation of Mallotus philippensis leaf powder on rumen fermentation pattern, enzyme profile and ciliate protozoal population in growing crossbred calves

A SANTRA; S TRIPURA; VIPIN VIPIN; S K DAS

doi:10.56093/ijans.v91i11.118134

Authors

A SANTRA ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Eastern Regional Station, Kalyani, West Bengal 741 235 India
S TRIPURA ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Eastern Regional Station, Kalyani, West Bengal 741 235 India
VIPIN VIPIN ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Eastern Regional Station, Kalyani, West Bengal 741 235 India
S K DAS ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Eastern Regional Station, Kalyani, West Bengal 741 235 India

https://doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v91i11.118134

Keywords:

Ciliate protozoa, Crossbred calves, Enzyme profile, Mallotus philippensis leaf, Rumen fermentation

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation of Mallotus philippensis (local name 'Kamela') leaf meal on rumen ciliate protozoal population, enzyme profile and fermentation characteristics in growing crossbred calves. Ten growing crossbred (Jersey — Tharparker) calves with an average body weight of 91.8Â±1.37 kg were divided in to two equal groups (G1 and G2) and fed individually under stall feeding for 140 days on a mixed ration containing paddy straw and concentrate mixture in 50:50 ratio. Two types (C1 and C2) of isonitrogenous concentrate mixtures were prepared. Wheat bran in concentrate mixture (C2) of test group (G2) was partially replaced (4 parts w/w) with sun dried ground Mallotus philippensis leaf meal. Experimental calves of test group (G2) were fed Mallotus philippensis leaf meal @ 2% of the diet. No significant differences were noticed between the two groups for daily dry matter intake while nutrient digestibility, i.e. organic matter and cellulose digestibility were higher in Mallotus philippensis leaf fed calves (G2). However, rumen pH, ammonia nitrogen concentration and total rumen protozoal as well as holotrich and spirotrich protozoal population decreased while ruminal TVFA and propionic acid production increased due to supplementation of Mallotus philippensis leaf. Activities of rumen fibre degrading enzymes e.g. carboxymethyl cellulase, xylanase and β-glucosidase enzyme activities were also higher in Mallotus philippensis leaf meal fed calves (G2). It is concluded that supplementation of Mallotus philippensis leaf have a potential for reducing rumen protozoal population and ammonia nitrogen concentration with improving rumen fibre degrading enzyme activities and nutrient digestibility in growing crossbred calves.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

AOAC. 2005. Official Methods of Analysis, 18th edn. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arilington. Barnett J G A and Reid R I. 1957. Studies on the production of volatile fatty acids from grass by rumen liquor in artificial rumen. 1. Volatile acid production from grass. Journal of Agricultural Science 40: 315–21.

Bhatt R S, Sarkar S, Sahoo A, Sharma P, Soni L, Saxena V K and Soni A. 2021. Dietary inclusion of mature lemon grass and curry leaves affects nutrient utilization, methane reduction and meat quality in finisher lambs. Animal Feed Science and Technology 278: 114979.

Bhatta R, Uyeno Y, Tajima K, Takenaka A, Yabumoto Y, Nonaka I, Enishi O and Kurihara M. 2009. Difference in the nature of tannins on in vitro ruminal methane and volatile fatty acid production and on methanogenic archae and protozoa population. Journal of Dairy Science 92: 5512–22.

Chaudhary L C, Srivastava A and Singh K K. 1995. Rumen fermentation pattern and digestion of structural carbohydrate in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) calves as affected by ciliate protozoa. Animal Feed Science and Technology 56: 111–17.

Cherdthong A, Khonkhaeng B, Foiklang S, Wanapat M, Gunun N, Gunun P, Chanjula P and Polyorach S. 2019. Effects of

supplementation of Piper sarmentosum leaf powder on feed efficiency, rumen ecology and rumen protozoal concentration in Thai native beef cattle. Animals 9: 130.

Coleman G S. 1980. Rumen ciliate protozoa. Advances in Parasitology 18: 121–73.

Cottyn B G and Boucque C V. 1968. Rapid method for the gaschromatographic determination of volatile fatty acids in rumen fluid. Journal of Agriculture Food and Chemistry 16: 105–07.

e Silva S N S, Chabrillat T, Kerros S, Guillaume S, Gandra J R, de Carvalho G G P, da Silva F F, Mesquita L G, Gordiano L A, Camargo G M F, Ribeiro C V, Di M, de Araújo M L G M L, Alba H D R, e Silva R D G and de Freitas Jr J E. 2021. Effects of plant extract supplementations or monensin on nutrient intake, digestibility, ruminal fermentation and metabolism in dairy cows. Animal Feed Science and Technology 275: 114886.

Hristov A N, Ivan M, Rode I M and McAllister T A. 2001. Fermentation characteristics and ruminal ciliate protozoal

populations in cattle fed medium or high concentrate barley based diets. Journal of Animal Science 79: 515–24.

Hristov A N, Kennington L R, McGuire M A and Hunt C W. 2005. Effect of diet containing linoleic acid or oleic acid-rich

oils on ruminal fermentation and nutrient digestibility, and performance and fatty acid composition of adipose and muscle tissues of finishing cattle. Journal of Animal Science 83: 1312–21.

Jafari S, Ebrahimi M, Goh Y M, Rajion M A, Jahromi M A and Al-Jumaili W S. 2019. Manipulation of rumen fermentation

and methane gas production by plant secondary metabolites (saponin, tannin and essential oil)—A review of ten year studies. Annals of Animal Science 19: 3–29.

Jayanegara A, Leiber F and Kreuzer M. 2012. Meta-analysis of the relationship between dietary tannin level and methane formation in ruminants from in vivo and in vitro experiment. Journal of Animal Physiology and Nutrition 96: 365–75.

Jouany J P and Ushida K. 1999. The role of protozoa in feed digestion: A review. Asian Australasian Journal of Animal

Sciences 12: 113–28.

Kamra D N, Sawal R K, Pathak N N, Kewalramani N and Agarwal N. 1991. Diurnal variation in ciliate protozoa in the rumen of blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra). Letters in Applied Microbiology 13: 165–67.

Lakhani N, Kamra D N, Lakhani P and Kala A. 2019. Effect of rumen modifier on methanogenesis and feed digestibility under in vitro conditions. Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition 36: 99–102.

Liu Y, Tao M, Chen D, Zhang N, Si B, Deng K, Tu Y and Diao Q. 2019. Effect of tea saponin supplementation on nutrient digestibility, methanogenesis and ruminal microbial flora in Dorper crossbred ewe. Animals 9: 29–40.

Li Y, Guang-Ninga Z, Hong-Jiana X, Shuanga Z, Xiu-Jinga D, Congb L, Xing-Yib Z, Hong-Boc Z and Yong-Gena Z. 2019.

Effects of replacing alfalfa hay with Moringa oleifera leaves and peduncles on intake, digestibility, and rumen fermentation in dairy cows. Livestock Science 220: 211–16.

Lotha M. 2015. ‘Evaluation of tree leaves for its effect on rumen fermentation and methanogenesis in vitro’. M.V.Sc. Thesis, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India.

Malik P K, Kolte A P, Baruah L, Saravanan M, Bakshi B and Bhatta R. 2017. Enteric methane mitigation in sheep through leaves of selected tanniniferous tropical tree species. Livestock Science 200: 29–34.

Malik P K, Uyeno Y, Kolte A P, Kumar R, Trivedi S and Bhatta R. 2019. Screening of phyto sources from foothill

of Himalayan mountain for livestock methane reduction. SN Applied Sciences 1: 232–40.

Meel M S, Sharma T, Dhuria R K, Pal R S and Nehra R. 2015. Influence of Sapindus mukorossi (reetha) as herbal feed

additive on rumen fermentation and nutrient digestibility in Rathi calves. Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition 32: 164–67.

Miller G L. 1959. Use of dinitrosalicyclic acid reagent for determining reducing sugar. Analytical Chemistry 31: 426–

Newbold C J, McIntosh F M, Williams P, Losa R and Wallace R J. 2004. Effects of a specific blend of essential oil

compounds on rumen fermentation. Animal Feed Science and Technology 114: 105–12.

NRC. 2001. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. 7th rev. ed. National Research Council, National Academy Press,

Washington, DC, USA.

Olafadehan O A, Njidda A A, Okunade S A, Adewumi M K, Awosanmi K J, Ijanmi T O and Raymond A. 2016. Effects of

feeding Ficus polita foliage-based complete rations with varying forage: Concentrate ratio on performance and ruminal fermentation in growing goats. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology 16: 373–82.

Patra A K, Kamra D N and Agarwal N. 2006. Effect of plant extracts on in vitro methanogenesis, enzyme activities and

fermentation of feed in rumen liquor of buffalo. Animal Feed Science and Technology 128: 276–91.

Santra A and Karim S A. 2002. Influence of ciliate protozoa on biochemical changes and hydrolytic enzyme profile in the rumen ecosystem. Journal of Applied Microbiology 92: 801–11.

Santra A and Karim S A. 2019. Nutritional evaluation of some Indian tree leaves and herbs as fodder and defaunating agent in sheep. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 89: 1128–34.

Santra A and Karim S A. 2020. Nutritional evaluation of some Indian tree pods for livestock feeding. Indian Journal of

Animal Sciences 90: 1535–40.

Santra A, Mondal A, Konar S, Banerjee A, Chatterjee A, Das S K and Ghosh M K. 2013a. Influence of graded replacement of paddy straw with brewer’s spent grain on rumen protozoa, enzyme profile and feed fermentation under in vitro. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 83: 806–10.

Santra A, Banerjee A and Das S K. 2013b. Effect of betel (Piper betle) leaves supplementation on nutrient utilization, milk yield and its quality in lactating crossbred cows. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology 13: 281–90.

Santra A, Konar S, Mandal A and Das S K. 2016. Rumen fermentation pattern, enzyme profile and ciliate protozoal

population in betel (Piper betle) leaves fed lactating crossbred cows. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 86: 589–95.

Santra A, Das S K, Mandal A and Dutta T K. 2020. Influence of Kamela (Mallotus philippensis) leaves as herbal feed additive on nutrient utilization and performances in growing crossbred calves. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 90: 1402–06.

Snedecor G W and Cochran W C. 1994. Statistical Methods. 8th edn. East West Press Private Limited, New Delhi, India.

Taku T, Santra A, Barik S, Mandal D K and Das S K. 2019. Assessment of fodder quality and methane production potential of north-eastern Himalayan forest tree leaves. Indian Journa of Animal Sciences 89: 90–96.

Van Soest P J, Robertson J B and Lewis B A. 1991. Methods for dietary fibre, neutral detergent fibre and non starch

polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Symposium: Carbohydrate methodology, metabolism and nutritional implications in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 74: 3583–97.

Velanganni J, Kadamban D and Tangavelou A C. 2011. Phytochemical scrrening and antimicrobial activity of the stem

of Mallotus philippensis. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 3: 160–63.

Wann C, Wanapat M, Mapato C, Ampapon T and Huang B. 2019. Effect of bamboo grass (Tiliacora triandra, diets) pellet supplementation on rumen fermentation characterestics and methane production in Thai native beef cattle. Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 32: 1153–60.

Weatherburn M W. 1967. Phenol-hypochlorite reaction for determination of ammonia. Analytical Chemistry 39: 971–74.

Widyastuti Y, Newbold C J, Stewart C S and Ørskov E R. 1995.Interaction between rumen anaerobic fungi and ciliate protozoa in the degradation of rice straw cell wall. Letters in Applied Microbiology 20: 61–64.

Yusuf A O, Egbinola O O, Ekunseitan D A and Salem A Z M. 2020. Chemical characterization and in vitro methane

production of selected agroforestry plants as dry season feeding of ruminants livestock. Agroforestry System 94(3): 1481–89