Effects of pre-medication with acepromazine/midazolam/ dexmedetomidine and butorphanol on induction dose of propofol and incidence of apnoea during induction in canines

RAJESH KUMAR; AAKANKSHA; RAMESH TIWARY; N K VERMA; A C SAXENA; M HOQUE

doi:10.56093/ijans.v92i9.124473

Authors

RAJESH KUMAR Indian Veterinary Research Institute https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4644-4470
AAKANKSHA Division of Surgery, ICARIVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh
RAMESH TIWARY Division of Surgery, ICARIVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh
N K VERMA Division of Surgery, ICARIVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh.
A C SAXENA Division of Surgery, ICARIVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh
M HOQUE Division of Surgery, ICARIVRI, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh

https://doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v92i9.124473

Keywords:

Acepromazine, Apnoea, Dexmedetomidine, Induction, Midazolam, Propofol

Abstract

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of ACE, MID, DEX (IM) and DEX (IV) with butorphanol on quality of induction, induction dose of propofol and incidence of apnoea during anaesthesia in client-owned dogs. Animals were randomly divided into four groups. After pre-medication with atropine sulphate, animals were administered with ACE @ 0.05 mg/kg b.wt IV in group A, MID @ 0.5 mg/kg IV b.wt in group B, DEX @ 15 μg/kg IM b.wt in group C and DEX @ 15 μg/kg IV b.wt in group D along with butorphanol @ 0.2 mg/kg b. wt. I/V. All animals were induced with propofol and maintained with isoflurane till the end of closing last skin suture. Adequate sedation and depth of analgesia was observed in the animals of the all four group and this sedation made handling of the animals proper and safe before induction. Significantly lower dose of propofol was needed for induction in the grous C and D as compared to groups A and B. Incidence of temporary apnoea in groups A and B was 10%, whereas in groups C and D was 30%, but they were managed by assisted ventilation and smoothly maintained with isoflurane without complication. It was found that ACE/MID/DEX with butorphanol has dose-sparing effect and provides adequate sedation and analgesia in the canines. Chances of apnoea may be more with DEX pre-medication, but they can be managed by assisted ventilation without any complication.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

RAJESH KUMAR, Indian Veterinary Research Institute

Division of Surgery, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP

References

Ahsan M Z, Khan F U, Zhao M J and Wang Y X. 2020. Synergistic interaction between butorphanol and dexmedetomidine in antinociception. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 149: 105322. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105322

Bigby S E, Beths, T, Bauquier S and Carter J E. 2017. Postinduction apnoea in dogs premedicated with acepromazine or dexmedetomidine and anaesthetized with alfaxalone or propofol. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 44(5): 1007– 15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaa.2016.10.004

Canfran S, Bustamante R, González P, Cediel R Re M and de Segura I G. 2016. Comparison of sedation scores and propofol induction doses in dogs after intramuscular administration of dexmedetomidine alone or in combination with methadone, midazolam, or methadone plus midazolam. Veterinary Journal 210: 56–60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.01.015

Carregaro A B, Ueda G I, Censoni J B, Bisetto S P, Alonso B B and Reginato G M. 2020. Effect of methadone combined with acepromazine or detomidine on sedation and dissociative anesthesia in healthy horses. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 86: 102908. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2019.102908

Daabiss M. 2011. American Society of Anaesthesiology Physical Status Classification. Indian Journal of Anaethesia 55(2): 111. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5049.79879

Doebeli A, Michel E, Bettschart R, Hartnack S and Reichler I M. 2013. Apgar score after induction of anesthesia for canine cesarean section with alfaxalone versus propofol. Theriogenology 80(8): 850–54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.07.006

Dugdale A. 2010. Veterinary Anaesthesia Principles to Practice. Blackwell Publishing: West Sussex.

Grasso S C, Ko, J C, Weil A B, Paranjape V and Constable P D. 2015. Hemodynamic influence of acepromazine or dexmedetomidine premedication in isoflurane- anesthetized dogs. Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association 246(7): 754–64. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.246.7.754

Hunt J R, Grint N J, Taylor P M and Murrell J C. 2013. Sedative and analgesic effects of buprenorphine, combined with either acepromazine or dexmedetomidine, for premedication prior to elective surgery in cats and dogs. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 40(3): 297–307. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/vaa.12003

Italiano M and Robinson R. 2018. Effect of benzodiazepines on the dose of alfaxalone needed for endotracheal intubation in healthy dogs. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 45(6): 720–08. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaa.2018.06.011

Kojima K, Nishimura R, Mutoh T, Hong S H, Mochizuki M and Sasaki N. 2002. Effects of medetomidine-midazolam, acepromazine-butorphanol, and midazolam- butorphanol on induction dose of thiopental and propofol and on cardiopulmonary changes in dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research 63(12): 1671–79. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.2002.63.1671

Kropf J and Hughes J L. 2019. Effect of midazolam on the quality and duration of anaesthetic recovery in healthy dogs undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy or castration. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 46(5): 587–96. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaa.2019.05.008

Kushwaha J P, Malik V and Singh B. 2012. Evaluation of midazolam and propofol in different combinations for clinical anaesthesia in dogs. Indian Journal of Veterinary Surgery 33(2): 77–81.

Kuusela E, Raekallio M, Väisänen M, Mykkänen K, Ropponen H and Vainio O. 2001. Comparison of medetomidine and dexmedetomidine as premedicants in dogs undergoing propofol-isoflurane anesthesia. American Journal of Veterinary Research 62(7): 1073–80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.1073

Lemke K A. 2007. Anticholenergics and Sedatives. (Eds) Tranquilli W J, Thurmon J C and Grimm K A. Blackwell Publishing Ltd., Oxford.

Monteiro E R, Junior A R, Assis, H M, Campagnol D and Quitzan J G. 2009. Comparative study on the sedative effects of morphine, methadone, butorphanol or tramadol, in combination with acepromazine, in dogs. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 36(1): 25–33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2995.2008.00424.x

Muñoz K A, Robertson S A and Wilson D V. 2017. Alfaxalone alone or combined with midazolam or ketamine in dogs: Intubation dose and select physiologic effects. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 44(4): 766–74. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaa.2017.01.004

Murrell J C. 2016. Pre-anaesthetic medication and sedation. BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Anaesthesia and Analgesia. British Small Animal Veterinary Association Library. Pp. 170-189. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22233/9781910443231.13

Rafee M A. 2013. ‘Evaluation of midazolam and ketamine anaesthesia for ovarioh-ysterectomy in dexmedetomidine with or without butorphanol/pentazocine premedicated dogs.’ M.V.Sc. Thesis, Deemed University, Indian Veterinary Research Institue, Izatnagar, (UP), India.

Rafee M A, Kinjavdekar P, Amarpal and Aithal H P. 2017. Evaluation of midazolam as intravenous agent for anaesthesia in dogs. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 87(3): 280–86.

Robinson R and Borer–Weir K. 2013. A dose titration study into the effects of diazepam or midazolam on the propofol dose requirements for induction of general anaesthesia in client owned dogs, premedicated with methadone and acepromazine. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 40(5): 455–63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/vaa.12052

Robinson R and Borer-Weir K. 2015. The effects of diazepam or midazolam on the dose of propofol required to induce anesthesia in cats. Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia 42(5): 493–501. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/vaa.12244

Sano T, Nishimura R, Mochizuki M and Sasaki N. 2003a. Effects of midazolam- butorphanol, acepromazine-butorphanol and medetomidine on an induction dose of propofol and their compatibility in dogs. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 65(10): 1141–43. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.65.1141

Sano T, Nishimura R, Mochizuki M, Hara Y, Tagawa M and Sasaki N. 2003b. Clinical usefulness of propofol as an anesthetic induction agent in dogs and cats. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 65(5): 641–43. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.65.641

Sinclair M D, O’Grady M R, Kerr C L and Mc-Donell W N. 2003. The echocardiographic effects of romifidine in dogs with and without prior or concurrent administration of glycopyrrolate. Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia 30(4): 211–09. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-2995.2003.00122.x

Swallow A, Rioja E, Elmer T and Dugdale A. 2017. The effect of maropitant on intraoperative isoflurane requirements and postoperative nausea and vomiting in dogs: A randomized clinical trial. Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia 44(4): 785–93. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaa.2016.10.006