Prevalence of bovine respiratory viruses in cattle calves in Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh

RAHUL  SINGH; RAJENDRA DAMU  PATIL; PRIYANKA; RAKESH  KUMAR; RAJESH KUMAR  ASRANI; VIPAN KUMAR  GUPTA

doi:10.56093/ijans.v94i8.147136

Authors

RAHUL SINGH Dr. G.C. Negi College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, C.S.K. Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh
RAJENDRA DAMU PATIL Dr. G.C. Negi College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, C.S.K. Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh
PRIYANKA Dr. G.C. Negi College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, C.S.K. Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh
RAKESH KUMAR Dr. G.C. Negi College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, C.S.K. Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh
RAJESH KUMAR ASRANI Dr. G.C. Negi College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, C.S.K. Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh
VIPAN KUMAR GUPTA Dr. G.C. Negi College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, C.S.K. Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh

https://doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v94i8.147136

Keywords:

Cattle calves, Co-infections, Multiscreen antigen ELISA, Respiratory viruses

Abstract

Respiratory diseases causing pneumonia are the 2nd leading cause of mortality in bovine calves and are primarily caused by viral pathogens. The present study was undertaken in cattle calves under twelve months of age for detecting four respiratory viruses, viz. bovine herpes virus-1 (BoHV-1), bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), and bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (BPI3), using a commercially available multiscreen antigen ELISA kit. A total of 30 cattle calves necropsied at the Department of Veterinary Pathology, DGCN COVAS, CSKHPKV, Palampur, from June 2021 to June 2022 were screened. The samples of lung tissues and nasal turbinates were collected and stored at –20°C until further processing. The collected tissue samples were homogenised and processed as per the standard protocol. Among the 30 necropsied samples, BoHV-1 and BRSV were detected in 17/30 (56.67%) samples, BPI3 was detected in 14/30 (46.67%) samples, and BVDV was detected in 8/30 (26.67%) samples. 5/30 (16.67%) samples were found positive for all four viruses. Moreover, three viruses were concurrently detected in 4/30 samples (13.33%), and two viruses were present in 10/30 samples (33.33%). Additionally, a single virus was detected in 4/30 samples (13.33%). In conclusion, the present investigation reveals the substantial presence of respiratory viruses in the respiratory tract of cattle calves. The result indicates a complex pattern of co-infections of different viruses, emphasising the need for effective surveillance and management strategies to address the diverse viral dynamics affecting bovine respiratory health.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Avci O, Yavru S and Ekik M. 2014. Detection of respiratory viral antigens in cattle lung tissues by direct ELISA. Animal and Veterinary Sciences 2(5): 146–49.

Biswas S, Bandyopadhyay S, Dimri U and H Patra P. 2013. Bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV)–A re-emerging concern in livestock: A revisit to its biology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and prophylaxis. Veterinary Quarterly 33(2): 68–81.

Chicoski L M, Fritzen J T, Lorenzetti E, da Costa A R, Moro E, de Carvalho E R, Alfieri A F and Alfieri A A. 2023. Serological profile of respiratory viruses in unvaccinated steers upon their arrival at Brazilian feedlot facilities. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology 54(4): 3237–244.

Cusack P M, McMeniman N P and Lean I J. 2008. Effects of injectable vitamins A, D, E and C on the health and growth rate of feedlot cattle destined for the Australian domestic market. Australian Veterinary Journal 86(3): 81–87.

Fulton R W and Confer A W. 2012. Laboratory test descriptions for bovine respiratory disease diagnosis and their strengths and weaknesses: Gold standards for diagnosis, do they exist? The Canadian Veterinary Journal 53(7): 754–61.

Fulton R W. 2020. Viruses in bovine respiratory disease in North America: Knowledge advances using genomic testing. Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice 36(2): 321–32.

Gangil R, Kaur G and Dwivedi P N. 2020. Detection of respiratory viral antigens in nasal swabs of bovine by sandwich ELISA. Indian Journal of Anima Research 54(3): 354–58.

Hanon J B, De Baere M, De la Ferté C, Roelandt S, Van der Stede Y and Cay B. 2017. Evaluation of 16 commercial antibody ELISAs for the detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus- specific antibodies in serum and milk using well-characterized sample panels. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 29(6): 833–43.

Horwood P F, Schibrowski M L, Fowler E V, Gibson J S, Barnes T S and Mahony T J. 2014. Is Mycoplasma bovis a missing component of the bovine respiratory disease complex in Australia?. Australian Veterinary Journal 92(6): 185–91.

İnce Ö B and Ayaz A. 2023. Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with bovine viral diarrhoea virus in Turkey. Tropical Animal Health and Production 55(4): 246.

İnce Ö B, Şevik M, Özgür E G and Sait A. 2022. Risk factors and genetic characterization of bovine respiratory syncytial virus in the inner Aegean Region, Turkey. Tropical Animal Health and Production 54(1): 1–10.

Jones C. 2019. Bovine herpesvirus 1 counteracts immune responses and immune-surveillance to enhance pathogenesis and virus transmission. Frontiers in Immunology 10: 1008.

Kamdi B, Singh R, Singh V, Singh S, Kumar P, Singh K P and Dhama K. 2020. Immunofluorescence and molecular diagnosis of bovine respiratory syncytial virus and bovine parainfluenza virus in the naturally infected young cattle and buffaloes from India. Microbial pathogenesis 145: 104165.

Maher A, El-Hakim O A, Saad M A and Elnaker Y. 2023. Serodiagnosis and detection of persistently infected cattle with BVDV in New Valley Province, Egypt. Alexandria Journal of Veterinary Sciences 77(2): 127–34.

Majumdar S, Ramakrishnan M A and Nandi S. 2015. Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis: An Indian perspective. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 4(10): 844–58.

Makoschey B and Berge A C. 2021. Review on bovine respiratory syncytial virus and bovine parainfluenza-usual suspects in bovine respiratory disease-a narrative review. BMC Veterinary Research 17(1): 1–8.

McGill J L, Rusk R A, Guerra-Maupome M, Briggs R E and Sacco R E. 2016. Bovine gamma delta T cells contribute to exacerbated IL-17 production in response to co-infection with bovine RSV and Mannheimia haemolytica. Plos One 11(3): e0151083.

Murray G M, O’Neill R G, Lee A M, McElroy M C, More S J, Monagle A, Earley B and Cassidy J P. 2017. The bovine paranasal sinuses: Bacterial flora, epithelial expression of nitric oxide and potential role in the in-herd persistence of respiratory disease pathogens. Plos One 12(3): e0173845.

Noori Y M, Intisar K S, Nasa E M and Ali Y H. 2014. Detection and isolation of bovine parainfluenza virus Type 3 (PIV-3) in cattle in North Kordofan State, Sudan. Journal of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences 15(1): 70–78.

Office Internationale Des Epizootics (OIE). 2008. Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals. OIE, Paris, France. 1343.

Pardon B, Callens J, Maris J, Allais L, Van Praet W, Deprez P and Ribbens S. 2020. Pathogen-specific risk factors in acute outbreaks of respiratory disease in calves. Journal of Dairy Science 103(3): 2556–566.

Patil S S, Prajapati A, Krishnamoorthy P, Desai G S, Reddy G B, Suresh K P and Rahman H. 2017. Seroprevalence of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis in organized dairy farms of India. Indian Journal of Animal Research 51(1): 151–54.

Ridpath J. 2010. The contribution of infections with bovine viral diarrhea viruses to bovine respiratory disease. Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice 26(2): 335–48.

Ridpath J F, Fulton R W, Bauermann F V, Falkenberg S M, Welch J and Confer A W. 2020. Sequential exposure to bovine viral diarrhea virus and bovine coronavirus results in increased respiratory disease lesions: Clinical, immunologic, pathologic, and immunohistochemical findings. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 32(4): 513–26.

Singh R, Patil R D, Priyanka, Verma A, Kumar R, Asrani R K and Gupta V K. 2023. Prevalence and pathology of Staphylococcal pneumonia in dairy calves of Himachal Pradesh. Indian Journal of Veterinary Pathology 47(4): 287–91.

Singh R, Verma A K, Sharma B and Yadav S K. 2013. Detection of bovine herpesvirus-l (BHV-l) infection in cattle by antigen detection ELISA and multiplex PCR. Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences 1(3S): 12–16.

Solís-Calderón J J, Segura-Correa J C, Aguilar-Romero F and Segura-Correa V M. 2007. Detection of antibodies and risk factors for infection with bovine respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus-3 in beef cattle of Yucatan, Mexico. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 82(1-2): 102–10.

Van Leenen K, Van Driessche L, De Cremer L, Masmeijer C, Boyen F, Deprez P and Pardon B. 2020. Comparison of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid bacteriology and cytology in calves classified based on combined clinical scoring and lung ultrasonography. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 176: 104901.

Veena M P and Sumathi B R. 2011. Therapeutic management of neonatal calf pneumonia in HF calf-a case report. Veterinary World 4(2): 84.

Veljović L, Knežević A, Milić N, Krnjaić D, Miković R, Zorić A, Marković M, Milićević V, Stamenković M, Stanojević M and Maksimović-Zorić J. 2016. Isolation and molecular detection of bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 in cattle in Serbia. Acta Veterinaria-Beograd 66(4): 509–19.

Walz P H, Chamorro M F, M Falkenberg S, Passler T, Van der Meer F and R Woolums A. 2020. Bovine viral diarrhea virus: An updated American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine consensus statement with focus on virus biology, hosts, immunosuppression, and vaccination. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 34(5): 1690–706.

Yazici Z, Ozan E, Tamer C, Muftuoglu B, Barry G, Kurucay H N, Elhag A E, Cagirgan A A, Gumusova S and Albayrak H. 2020. Circulation of indigenous bovine respiratory syncytial virus strains in Turkish cattle: The first isolation and molecular characterization. Animals 10(9): 1700.

Zhang K, Zhang J, Qiu Z, Zhang K, Liang F, Zhou Q, Wang L and Li J. 2022. Prevalence characteristic of BVDV in some large scale dairy farms in Western China. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 9: 961337.

Zhou Y, Shao Z, Dai G, Li X, Xiang Y, Jiang S, Zhang Z, Ren Y, Zhu Z, Fan C and Zhang G. 2023. Pathogenic infection characteristics and risk factors for bovine respiratory disease complex based on the detection of lung pathogens in dead cattle in Northeast China. Journal of Dairy Science 106(1): 589–606.