A preliminary study on the effect of intrauterine infusion of neem oil on innate immunity, endometrial inflammatory cytokines, recovery, and conception rate in repeat breeder dairy cows

SANJAYKUMAR R  PANCHAL; RAVJIBHAI K  CHAUDHARI; PANKAJKUMAR A  PATEL; SANDIP S  PATEL; CHANDRAKANT F  CHAUDHARI; TARUNKUMAR V  SUTARIA; ARUNKUMAR C  PATEL; HARSHAD C  CHAUHAN; SAMIR H  RAVAL

doi:10.56093/ijans.v94i9.149136

Authors

SANJAYKUMAR R PANCHAL College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Kamdhenu University, Sardarkrushinagar, Gujarat 385 506 India
RAVJIBHAI K CHAUDHARI College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Kamdhenu University, Sardarkrushinagar, Gujarat 385 506 India
PANKAJKUMAR A PATEL College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Kamdhenu University, Sardarkrushinagar, Gujarat 385 506 India
SANDIP S PATEL College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Kamdhenu University, Sardarkrushinagar, Gujarat 385 506 India
CHANDRAKANT F CHAUDHARI College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Kamdhenu University, Sardarkrushinagar, Gujarat 385 506 India
TARUNKUMAR V SUTARIA College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Kamdhenu University, Sardarkrushinagar, Gujarat 385 506 India
ARUNKUMAR C PATEL College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Kamdhenu University, Sardarkrushinagar, Gujarat 385 506 India
HARSHAD C CHAUHAN College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Kamdhenu University, Sardarkrushinagar, Gujarat 385 506 India
SAMIR H RAVAL College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Kamdhenu University, Sardarkrushinagar, Gujarat 385 506 India

https://doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v94i9.149136

Keywords:

Conception rate, Cow, Cytokines, Endometritis, Innate immunity, Neem oil

Abstract

The present study evaluated the immuno-modulatory effect of intrauterine infusion of Neem oil (twice at 24 h interval) in repeat breeding cows (n=6) suffering with sub-clinical endometritis and compared with untreated control (n=6). There were no changes in the mean blood leucocyte count, lymphocytes (%), neutrophils (%) and monocyte (%) between and within groups. The phagocytic activity of blood neutrophils and monocyte was increased at next estrus compared to that at 0 h and 24 h of treatment in treated cows (NO), while, it did not differ in untreated control. The mean stimulation index (lymphocyte proliferation) was significantly higher at next estrus in NO treated cows compared to untreated control. The endometrial mRNA expression of IL-6 (0.18 fold), IL-1α (0.25 fold) and TNF- α (0.38 fold) were downregulated after the treatment in treated cows, while the mRNA transcript of IL-10 (3.28 fold) was upregulated after the treatment in group NO compared to control. All the cows showed negative endometrial cytology for PMNs after the treatment in NO group. The cervical mucus bacterial load reduced significantly at next estrus in treated cows compared to untreated control as well as after the treatment compared to before the treatment. The first service conception rate was 50% (3/6) in treated cows, while, the corresponding figure in untreated control was 16.67% (1/6). In conclusion, methanolic extract of neem oil may improve the recovery and conception rate in cows with sub-clinical endometritis through its bactericidal and immunomodulatory activity.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Biswas K, Chattopadhyay I, Banerjee R K and Bandyopadhyay U. 2002. Biological activities and medicinal properties of neem (Azadirachta indica). Current science 10: 1336–45.

Brodzki P, Lisiecka U, Brodzki A, Pyz‐Łukasik R and Krakowski L. 2018. Phagocytic and oxidative burst activity of phagocytic cells in peripheral blood and uterine washings in cows with clinical endometritis before and after intrauterine use of cephapirin and methisoprinol. Animal Science Journal 89(10): 1389–97.

De U K and Mukherjee R. 2009. Expression of cytokines and respiratory burst activity of milk cells in response to Azadirachta indica during bovine mastitis. Tropical Animal Health and Production 41: 189–97.

Ghasemi F, Gonzalez-Cano P, Griebel P J and Palmer C. 2012. Proinflammatory cytokine gene expression in endometrial cytobrush samples harvested from cows with and without subclinical endometritis. Theriogenology 78(7): 1538–47.

Gilbert R O, Shin S T, Guard C L, Erb H N and Frajblat M. 2005. Prevalence of endometritis and its effects on reproductive performance of dairy cows. Theriogenology 64(9): 1879–88.

Kaur G, Sarwar Alam M and Athar M. 2004. Nimbidin suppresses functions of macrophages and neutrophils: Relevance to its antiinflammatory mechanisms. Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Product Derivatives 18(5): 419–24.

Khatti A, Mehrotra S, Patel P K, Singh G, Maurya V P, Mahla A S, Chaudhari R K, Das G K, Singh M, Sarkar M, Kumar H and Krishnaswamy N. 2017. Supplementation of vitamin E, selenium and increased energy allowance mitigates the transition stress and improves postpartum reproductive performance in the crossbred cow. Theriogenology 104: 142–48.

Krishnan B B, Kumar H, Mehrotra S, Singh S K, Goswami T K, Khan F A, Patra M K and Islam R. 2015. Effect of leukotriene B4 and oyster glycogen in resolving subclinical endometritis in repeat breeding crossbred cows. Indian Journal of Animal Research 49(2): 218–22.

Kumar A, Gupta H P and Prasad S. 2013a. Studies on the immunomodulatory and therapeutic efficacy of neem (Azadirachta indca) on endometritis in repeat breeding crossbred cows. The Indian Journal of Animal Reproduction 34(2): 1–5.

Kumar H, Singh, B, Goswami T K and Rawat M. 2013b. Use of neem preparations for the treatment of endometritis in cows. Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences 10–27.

LeBlanc S J. 2008. Postpartum uterine disease and dairy herd reproductive performance: A review. The Veterinary Journal 176(1): 102–14.

Livak K J and Schmittgen T D. 2001. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2− ΔΔCT method. Methods 25(4): 402–08.

Mali, S S, Rangnekar M N, Amle M B, Khillare K P, Mali A B and Mhase P P. 2020. Efficacy of intrauterine ozone therapy in repeat breeder cows with subclinical uterine infection. Haryana Veterinarian 59(SI): 83–86.

Nikhade C T, Deshmukh S G, Kuralkar S V, Ratnaparkhi A R, Chepte S D and Bankar P S. 2019. Comparative efficacy of different herbal extract on subclinical endometritis in postpartum cows. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 7: 1422–26.

Ruslie R H and Darmadi D. 2020. Administration of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) leaf extract decreases TNF-α and IL-6 expressions in dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in rats. Journal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Research 7(4): 744.

Sarkar S, Singh R P and Bhattacharya G. 2021. Exploring the role of Azadirachta indica (neem) and its active compounds in the regulation of biological pathways: An update on molecular approach. 3 Biotech 11(4): 178.

Sheldon I M, Price S B, Cronin J, Gilbert R O and Gadsby J E. 2009. Mechanisms of infertility associated with clinical and subclinical endometritis in high producing dairy cattle. Reproduction in Domestic Animals 44: 1–9.

Takeuchi O and Akira S. 2010. Pattern recognition receptors and inflammation. Cell 140(6): 805–20.

Talpur A D and Ikhwanuddin M. 2013. Azadirachta indica (neem) leaf dietary effects on the immunity response and disease resistance of Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer challenged with Vibrio harveyi. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 34(1): 254–64.

Talwar G P, Vanshi P R, Misra R, Mukherjee S and Shah S. 1997. Plant immunomodulators for termination of unwanted pregnancy and for contraception and reproductive health. Immunology and Cell Biology 75(2): 190–92.

Upadhyay S N, Dhawan S, Garg S and Talwar G P. 1992. Immunomodulatory effects of neem (Azadirachta indica) oil. International Journal of Immunopharmacology 14(7): 1187–93.

Várhidi Z, Csikó G, Bajcsy Á C and Jurkovich V. 2024. Uterine disease in dairy cows: A comprehensive review highlighting new research areas. Veterinary Sciences 11(2): 66.

Williamson E M. 2002. Major Herbs of Ayurveda. 361 p, Churchill Livingstone, Edimburgh: Elsevier Science Limited.