Prevalence, risk factors and serotype distribution of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Western Uttar Pradesh, India: A Cross-Sectional Study

Amit Kumar Verma; Amit Kumar; Surendra Upadhyay; Afroz; Vikas Jaiswal; Arbind Singh

doi:10.56093/ijans.v95i7.164647

Authors

Amit Kumar Verma 9456811056
Amit Kumar
Surendra Upadhyay
Afroz
Vikas Jaiswal
Arbind Singh

https://doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v95i7.164647

Keywords:

Buffalo , cattle, FMDV, Molecular characterization, Seroprevalence

Abstract

Foot-and-mouth disease is a highly contagious viral disease of cloven-footed animals that has a major economic impact on the dairy industry. Despite the endemicity of the disease in India, little information is available about the present status of FMD in the districts of western Uttar Pradesh. The present cross-sectional study was conducted in selected districts of western Uttar Pradesh to determine the prevalence of antibodies against FMDV, risk factors, virus serotypes, and molecular characterization. Six hundred serum samples of bovines were collected using the random sampling approach, while five epithelial tissues were purposefully collected from affected animals during outbreaks for serotype identification and molecular characterization of FMDV. The serum samples were processed for the detection of antibodies against nonstructural proteins of FMDV using recombinant 3AB3 NSP-ELISA. FMDV serotypes were determined using sandwich ELISA and reverse transcription PCR. The associated risk factors were determined using logistic regression. The overall prevalence of antibodies against FMDV was 14.00 percent (84/600). Animal species and FMD seroprevalence were significantly correlated (p < 0.05). Only FMDV serotype O was detected in all epithelial tissue samples after serotying and molecular detection. For the effective prevention and control of FMD, the identification of serotypes circulating in the bovine population and possible risk factors are crucial. Additionally, the inclusion of more species of animals along with bovine populations in the study was encouraged.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

Amit Kumar Verma, 9456811056

Professor and Head,

Veterinary Medicine

References

1. Adhikari G, Acharya K P, Upadhyay M, Raut R, Kaphle K, Khanal T, Bertram M R, Stenfeldt C and Arzt J. 2018. Outbreak investigations of foot and mouth disease virus in Nepal between 2010 and 2015 in the context of historical serotype occurrence. Veterinary Medicine and Science. 4(4): 304-314.

2. Ali I, Rehman A, Mushtaq M H, Ijaz M, Khaliq M S, Khan M S U and Conraths, F. J. 2022. Outbreak investigation and identification of risk factors associated with the occurrence of foot and mouth disease in Punjab, Pakistan. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 105613

3. Anon. 2015. Annual Report PDFMD. 2014-2015. Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteswar, Nainital, India.

4. Audarya S D. 2020. Foot-and-mouth disease in India: past, present and future outlook-a review. Some RNA Viruses, 95-107.

5. Auty H, Mellor D, Gunn G and Boden LA. 2019. The Risk of Foot and Mouth Disease Transmission Posed by Public Access to the Countryside during an Outbreak. Frontier in Veterinary Science. 6: 381.

6. Bhattacharya S, Pattnaik B and Venkataramanan R. 1996. Development and application of a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for type identification of foot-and-mouth-disease (FMD) virus in direct field materials. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 66(12): 1201-1209.

7. Bravo de Rueda C, de Jong M C M, Eble P L and Dekker A. 2015. Quantification of transmission of foot-and-mouth disease virus caused by an environment contaminated with secretions and excretions from infected calves. Veterinary Research. 46: 1–12.

8. Chakraborty S, Kumar N, Dhama K, Verma A K, Tiwari R, Kumar A, Kapoor S and Singh S V. 2014. Foot–and–Mouth disease, an economically important disease of animals. Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences. 2(2S): 1-18.

9. Dahiya S S, Subramaniam S, Biswal J K, Das B, Prusty B R, Ali S Z and Singh R K. 2021. Genetic characterization of foot‐and‐mouth disease virus serotype O isolates collected during 2014–2018 revealed dominance of O/ME‐SA/Ind2001e and the emergence of a novel lineage in India. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 68(6): 3498-3508.

10. Dukpa K, Robertson I D, Edwards J R and Ellis T M. 2011. A retrospective study on the epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease in Bhutan. Tropical animal health and production, 43(2): 495-502.

11. Giridharan P, Hemadri D, Tosh C, Sanyal A and Bandyopadhyay S K. 2005. Development and evaluation of a multiplex PCR for differentiation of foot-and-mouth disease virus strains native to India. Journal of virological methods, 126(1-2): 1-11.

12. Govindaraj G, Ganesh Kumar B, Krishnamohan A, Hegde, R, Kumar N, Prabhakaran K, Wadhwan V M, Kakker N, Lokhande T, Sharma K, Kanani A, Natchimuthu K, Ananth P N, De A K, Khan T A, Misri J, Dash B B, Pattnaik B and Habibur R. 2021. Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) incidence in cattle and buffaloes and its associated farm-level economic costs in endemic India, Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 190: 105318.

13. Gunasekera U, Biswal J K, Machado G, Ranjan R, Subramaniam S, Rout M, Mohapatra J K, Pattnaik B, Singh R P, Arzt J, Perez A and VanderWaal K. 2022. Impact of mass vaccination on the spatiotemporal dynamics of FMD outbreaks in India, 2008-2016. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 69(5): e1936-e1950.

14. Hegde R, Gomes A R, Giridhar P, Kowalli S, Shivashankar B P, Sudharshana K J, Nagaraj K, Sesharao R, Mallinath K C, Shankar B P, Nagaraj D, Seema C M, Khan T A, Nagaraj G V, Srikala K, Dharanesh N K, Venkatesha M D and Renukaprasad C. 2014. Epidemiology of foot and mouth disease in Karnataka state, India: a retrospective study. Virus disease, 25(4): 504–509.

15. Hemme T, Garcia O and Saha A. 2003. A Review of Milk Production in India with Particular Emphasis on Small-Scale Producers (PPLPI Working Paper No. 23777) (Rome).

16. Hossain K A, Anjume H, Alam K M M, Yeamin A, Akter S, Hossain M A and Sultana M. 2023. Emergence of a novel sublineage, MYMBD21 under SA-2018 lineage of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Serotype O in Bangladesh. Scientific Reports 13(1): 9817.

17. Ijaz M, Ali M M, Awan F, Ishaq M and Ahmad A. 2022. FMD virus spillover from domestic livestock caused outbreak in captive wild ungulates: First report from Pakistan. Acta Tropica, 231: 106439.

18. Jamal S M and Belsham G J. 2013. Foot-and-mouth disease: past, present and future. Veterinary Research. 44(1): 116.

19. Jamal S M, Khan S, Knowles N J, Wadsworth J, Hicks H M, Mioulet V, Bin-Tarif A, Ludi A B, Shah S, Abubakar M, Manzoor S, Afzal M, Eschbaumer M, King D P and Belsham G J. 2021. Foot-and-mouth disease viruses of the O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e sublineage in Pakistan. Transboundary and emerging diseases, 68(6): 3126–3135.

20. Kappes A, Tozooneyi T, Shakil G, Railey A F, McIntyre K M, Mayberry D E, Rushton J, Pendell D L and Marsh T L. 2023. Livestock health and disease economics: a scoping review of selected literature. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 10:1168649.

21. Kumar A, Shiv J and Chitra, Y. 2012. Export of buffalo meat in India: Performance and prospects. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 82: 1578–1583.

22. Mahajan S, Mohapatra J K, Pandey L K, Sharma G K and Pattnaik B. 2013. Truncated recombinant non-structural protein 2C-based indirect ELISA for FMD sero-surveillance. Journal of Virological methods, 193(2): 405-414.

23. Mohapatra J K, Pandey L K, Sanyal A, Pattnaik B. 2011. Recombinant non-structural polyprotein 3AB-based serodiagnostic strategy for FMD surveillance in bovines irrespective of vaccination. Journal of Virological methods. 177(2): 184-92.

24. Office International des Epizooties (OIE), World Organisation for Animal Health. 2019. In: Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD), OIE, Paris, France, 1-143

25. Paton D J, Valarcher J F, Bergmann I, Matlho O G, Zakharov V M, Palma E L and Thomson G R. 2005. Selection of foot and mouth disease vaccine strains--a review. Revue scientifique et technique, 24(3): 981-93.

26. Pattnaik B, Subramaniam S, Sanyal A, Mohapatra J K, Dash B B, Ranjan R and Rout M. 2012. Foot-and-mouth disease: global status and future road map for control and prevention in India. Agricultural Research, 1(2): 132-147.

27. Prasad S. 1971. Distribution of different types of foot-and-mouth disease virus in North-West region of India. Haryana Veterinarian. 10: 26–29.

28. Rahman A A, Islam S S, Sufian M A, Talukder M H, Ward M P and Martínez-Lopez B. 2020. Foot-and-Mouth disease space-time clusters and risk factors in cattle and buffalo in Bangladesh. Pathogens, 9(6): 423.

29. Raies M, Verma A K, Yadav S K, Pal B C, Mahima and Jain U. 2009. Genetic and antigenic relationship between foot and mouth disease virus serotype Asia-1 isolate and vaccine strain, Online Journal of Veterinary Research 13(2): 114-119.

30. Ren H R, Li M T, Wang Y M, Jin Z and Zhang J. 2021. The risk factor assessment of the spread of foot-and-mouth disease in mainland China. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 512: 110558.

31. Rout M, Senapati M R, Mohapatra J K and Mohanty T K. 2016. Serological study for detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus activity in breeding bulls of an elite herd of North India. Indian Journal of Veterinary Pathology, 40(3): 254-256.

32. Singh A, Kumar M, Verma A and Nirwan S. 2020. Sero-Surveillance of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) Virus NonStructural Protein (NSP) Antibodies in the Bovines of Western Uttar Pradesh. International Journal of Livestock Research, 10(5): 51-56.

33. Singh B, Prasad S, Sinha D K and Verma M. 2013. Estimation of economic losses due to foot and mouth disease in India. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences. 83: 964–970.

34. Subramaniam S, Mohapatra J K, Sahoo N R, Sahoo A P, Dahiya S S, Rout M, Biswal J K, Ashok K S, Mallick S, Ranjan R, Jana C and Singh R P. 2022. Foot-and-mouth disease status in India during the second decade of the twenty-first century (2011-2020). Veterinary Research Commications. 46(4): 1011-1022.

35. Sunder J, Balasundaram S K, Sharma G and Pattnaik B. 2015. Serological status of foot and mouth disease in cattle and buffalo of Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India. Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 3(8): 461-465.

36. Verma A K, Mahima Pal B C, Yadav S K, Kumar A and Raies M. 2010. Phylogenetic relationships between foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype ‘A’ isolates and vaccine strains, Online Journal of Veterinary Research. 14(1): 87-95.

37. Verma A K, Dhama K, Chakraborty S, Kumar A, Tiwari R, Rahal A, Mahima and Singh S V. 2014. Strategies for Combating and Eradicating Important Infectious Diseases of Animals with Particular Reference to India: Present and Future Perspectives. Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 9(2): 77-106.

38. Verma A K, Kumar A, Mahima and Sahzad. 2012. Epidemiology and diagnosis of foot and mouth disease: a review. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 82 (6): 543-551.

39. Verma A K, Pal B C, Singh C P, Jain U, Yadav S K and Mahima. 2008. Studies of the outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease in Uttar Pradesh, India, between 2000 and 2006. Asian Journal of Epidemiology, 1(2): 40-46.

40. Wajid A, Chaudhry M, Rashid H B, Gill S S and Halim S R. 2020. Outbreak investigation of foot and mouth disease in Nangarhar province of war-torn Afghanistan, Scientific reports, 10(1): 1-10.