Gross anatomy and computed tomography-based three-dimensional modeling of the humerus and femur in goat (Capra hircus) for enhanced veterinary anatomy education

Abstract

The present study aims to characterize the morphometrical, computed tomography (CT), and 3D reconstructions of the humerus and femur of goat to enhance teaching and create accurate, detailed models of the humerus and femur bones of adult goats for veterinary anatomy education. While valuable, traditional methods of teaching anatomy often encounter limitations like specimen variability and preservation issues. The hot water maceration technique was used to process the goat’s limbs to obtain the bones, followed by cleaning, varnishing, and painting the characteristic features with synthetic enamel paint. A total of 13 biometric measurements of the humerus and 12 of the femur were manually measured with the help of a digital vernier calliper, and five more parameters were measured by computed tomography from the humerus and femur of goats to establish a comprehensive baseline dataset for future studies on small and large ruminants. The data presented in this study will serve as a valuable reference for both anatomical education and comparative anatomical research. High–resolution CT scans were employed to capture precise structural details, which can be subsequently used to develop 3D digital models. These images can be used in educational settings to provide an interactive and detailed learning experience, enhancing student engagement. The findings demonstrate the potential of integrating modern imaging technology that maintains anatomical accuracy, is helpful in both academic and practical contexts, and supports surgical planning and educational modelling in veterinary curricula.