Parasites and parasitic diseases of the Indian elephant,mithun and yak : An overview
1172 / 433
Authors
-
K M L PATHAK
Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi 110 001 India
-
M B CHHABRA
Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi 110 001 India
Keywords:
Indian elephant, Mithun, Parasites, Parasitic diseases, YakAbstract
The Indian elephant, mithun and yak are utility animals. Each of them is a valuable natural resource and important constituent of India’s unique biodiversity. However, their numbers have declined and their existence is facing several challenges, of which a major one is parasites and diseases caused by them. While much of the information on the parasites of Indian elephant dates back to the pre-mechanization British era, the setting up of dedicated Research Centres on Mithun and Yak by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, has resulted in generation of considerable research data and regular flow of information in recent years. The elephant is unique regarding most of its internal (and a few external) parasites not being shared with other livestock hosts. As per updated information, the Indian elephant is parasitized by 39 helminths, made up by 8 trematodes including the most pathogenic Fasciola jacksoni, 2 cestodes and 29 nematodes including 3 filariid worms; among protozoa, only Trypanosoma, Babesia and ciliates are known; arthropods include the stomach bot Cobboldia, the louse Haematomyzus and atleast 4 genera of ticks. The mithun, being phylogenetically related to cattle, seems to share the same set of internal and external parasites. To date 12 nematode genera, 6 trematode genera and 2 cestodes have been recorded; protozoa comprised coccidia (8 Eimeria species identified so far), Giardia, Cryptosporidium and Balantidium. In addition, serological evidence of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum exists. Of arthropods, only ticks are reported. The parasites of yak are not fully explored. So far 11 nematode genera, 7 trematode genera and 3 cestodes (2 of them only as cysts) are on record. Among protozoa, only Eimeria (2 species identified) and in arthropods, warbles (Hypoderma), 6 genera of ticks, louse, flea and biting flies have been reported in India.
Downloads
References
Agarwal R D. 2001. Occurrence of Eimeria canadensis Bruce 1921 from Gayal (Bos frontalis). Indian Veterinary Journal 78: 346.
Ajith Kumar K G, Ravindran R, Chandy G, Johns J, Syamala K and Priya M N. 2011. Tick fauna of wild life of Western Ghats region of Wayanad, Kerala. Proc. XXI National Congress of Veterinary Parasitology. 5–7 January, 2011, Mumbai. pp. 123–24.
Alwar V S, Seneviratna P and Gopal S. 1959. Indofilaria pattabiramani N.sp. A filarid from the Indian elephant (Elephas maximus) causing haemorrhagic dermatitis. Indian Veterinary Journal 36: 409–14.
Ananda K J, Naik S G and Naravi Y. 2011. Amphistome infection in an Indian elephant: A case report. Proceedings of XXI National Congess of Veterinary Parasitology. pp. 119. 5–7 January, 2011, Mumbai.
Ansari M Z and Rai M K. 1991. Studies on occurrence and incidence of hydatid disease in yak in Sikkim. Indian Veterinary Journal 68: 112–14.
Ansari M Z, Rai M K and Chauhan H V S. 1989. Pathology of liver, lung and caecum of yaks (Bos poephagus) infected with Dicrocoelium, Fasciola, Echinococcus and Trichuris. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 59: 552–54.
Arunachalam K, Sudheer S, Subramaniam N, Kumaravelu N and Sangaralingam S. 1996. Parasitic diseases of Indian elephants. Zoos’ Print 11 (4): 1–4.
Bandyopadhyay S, Pal P, Bhattacharya D, Bera A K, Pan D and Rahman H. 2010. A report on the prevalence of gastro-intestinal parasites in yaks (Bos poephagus) in the cold desert area of North Sikkim, India. Tropical Animal Health and Production 42: 119–21.
Banerjee P S, Garg R, Yadav C L and Ram H. 2005. Parasitic infections in some wild animals in Uttaranchal. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 75: 206–08.
Bhalerao G D. 1934. Helminth Parasites of the domesticated animals in India. Imperial Council of Agricultural Research. Scientific monograph No. 6 pp. 1–365.
Bhat M N and Manickam R. 1998. Coproculture and demonstration of third stage larvae of Murshidia sp. in elephants (Elephas maximus). Indian Veterinary Journal 75: 1140–42.
Bhattacharjee M L. 1967. Stephanofilarial dermatitis in an Indian elephant. Current science 36: 584–85.
Chakraborty A. 1992. Trichuris sp. Infection in wild captive herbivores. Journal of Veterinary Parasitology 6: 37–40.
Chakraborty A. 2001. Pathology of Fasciola gigantica infection in captive wild herbivores with special reference to SEM and EDAX study. Indian Veterinary Journal 78: 43–47.
Chakraborty A. 2003. Helminth parasites of Indian elephant (Elephas maximus). Helminthology in India. pp. 263–84. (Ed) Sood M L. International Book Distributors, Dehra Dun.
Chakraborty A and Chaudhury B. 1991. Intussusception and tibia fracture in elephant – necropsy findings of two cases. Zoos’ Print 6: 9–10.
Chakraborty A and Chaudhury B. 1992. Pathology of Fasciola jacksoni infestation in elephants. Indian Journal of Veterinary Pathology 16: 98–101.
Chakraborty A, Gogoi A R and Chaudhury B. 1994. Prevalence of parasitic infection in captive wild herbivores. International Journal of Animal Sciences 65: 421–24.
Chamuah J K, Das M and Rajkhowa S. 2006. Seasonal incidence of gastrointestinal parasites in Mithun. Indian Veterinary Journal 83: 1051–53.
Chamuah J K, Das M R, Rajkhowa S, Islam S and Rajkhowa C. 2009. Coccidiosis in Mithun. Indian Veterinary Journal 86: 419–20.
Chandrasekharan K. 1989. Prevalence of infectious diseases in elephants in Kerala and their treatment. The Asian Elephant – Proceedings of the Symposium. Kerala Agricultural University, Trichur, January 16–18. Pp. 148–65.
Chandrasekharan K, Pythal C and Sundaram R K. 1972a. A clinical note on the use of thiabendazole (Thibendole) against murshidiasis in Indian elephants Elephas maximus. Kerala Journal of Veterinary Science 3: 56.
Chandrasekharan K, Sundaram R K and Peter C T. 1972b. On Indofilaria elephantis from Indian elephants Elephas maximus. Indian Veterinary Journal 49: 857–62.
Chandrasekharan K, Rajamohanan K and Sundaram R K. 1979a. A case of cestode infection in an Indian elephant. Kerala Journal of Veterinary Science 10: 57–58.
Chandrasekharna K, Pythal C, Radhakrishnan K and Sundaram R K. 1979b. Methyridine as an effective anthelmintic against strongylosis in elephants. Kerala Journal of Veterinary Science 10: 163–66.
Chandrasekharan K, Sathianesan V, Pythal C and Sundaram R K. 1979c. Anthelmintic activity of thiophanate (Nemafax) in elephants and zoo animals. Kerala Journal of Veterinary Science 10: 167–70.
Chandrasekharan K, Cheeran J V, Nair K N M, Ramanujam K N and Radhakrishnan K. 1982. Comparative efficacy of 6 anthelmintics against strongylosis in elephants. Kerala Journal of Veterinary Science 13: 15–20.
Chandrasekharan K, Radhakrishnan K, Cheeran J V, Muraleedharan K N and Prabhakaran T. 1995. Review of the incidence, ecology and control of common diseases of Asian elephants with special reference to Kerala. A Week with Elephants. Pp. 439–49. (Eds) Daniel J C and Datye H S. Proceedings of the International Seminar on the conservation of Asian Elephant. June 1993. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Chaterjee A. 1984. Association of Stephanofilaria indistinguishable from S. assamensis with lesions on the feet of Indian elephants (Elephas maximum). Indian Journal of Animal Health 23: 29– 35.
Chaudhury R P. 1970. Occurrence of warble fly – Hypoderma lineatum infection in yaks in Bhutan. Journal of Parasitology 56: 377.
Chhabra M B and Srivastava P S. 1971. On Equinurbia sipunculiformis (Baird 1959) Lane 1914 from an Indian elephant (Elephas indicus) in U.P. tarai. Orissa Veterinary Journal 6: 43.
Das B C, Sarkar M, Das D N, Mohanty T K, Mondal D B and Pal R N. 1999. Babesiosis in a crossbred mithun. (B.frontalis) – A case study. Indian Veterinary Journal 76: 443–44.
Dangolla A, Ekanayake D K, Rajapakse R P, Dubey J P and Silva I D. 2006. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in captive elephants (Elephas maximus maximus) in Sri Lanka. Veterinary Parasitology 37: 172–74.
Datta B, Chakravarti A K and Raquib A. 1972. A successful treatment of Choniangium epistomum and Cobboldia elephantis larvae infection in elephants with tetramisole (Nilverm ICI). Indian Veterinary Journal 49: 1158–59.
Dharmarajan G. 2000. ‘Epidemiology in wild and domestic herbivores at the Madumalai Wildlife Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu.’ M.V.Sc. Thesis, Tamil Nadu University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu. pp. 1–75.
Dutta G C and Bordoloi G C. 1989. Prevalence of helminthic infections in elephant of Tiger Project of Manas, Assam. Zoos’ Print 4 (3): 14.
Easwaran K R, Ravindran R and Pillai K M. 2003. Parasitic infections of some wild animals at Thekkady in Kerala. Zoos’ Print Journal 18 (2): 1030.
Geevarghese G, Fernandes S and Kulkarni S M. 1997. A checklist of Indian ticks (Acari: Ixodoidea). Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 67: 566–74.
Godara R, Singh S, Dev R and Sharma R L. 2009. Occurrence of Haematomyzus elephantis in semi-arid Rajasthan. Journal of Veterinary Parasitology 23: 69–71.
Greve J H. 1969. Strongyloides elephantis sp. from an Indian elephant Elephas indicus. Journal of Parasitology 55: 498–99.
Gupta V and Jaiswal R K. 1984. On a new nematode Quilonia guptai sp. nov. (Strongyloidea: cyathostomidac, yamaguti 1961) from an Indian elephant. Indian Journal of Helminthology 36: 139–42.
Gupta S F and Trivedi K K. 1984. Nematode parasites of Vertebrates IV. A new nematode parasite Quilonia sinhai (sp. nov. Strongyloidea: Cyathostomidae) from an Indian elephant. Indian Journal of Helminthology 36: 61–67.
Gupta S C, Gupta N and Nivsarkar A E. 1999. Mithun – A Bovine of Indian Origin. Directorate of Information and Publication on Agriculture, ICAR, New Delhi. Pp. 1–124.
Islam S. 1994. Occurrence of Bivitellobilharzia nairi in captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) from Kaziranga National Park and Assam State Zoo, Guwahati. Zoos’ Print 9 (9): 10–11.
Islam S. 1997. Studies on some aspects of fascioliasis in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). Journal of Veterinary Parasitology 11: 109.
Islam S. 2010. Egg characteristics of Fasciola jacksoni in Asian elephant. Indian Veterinary Journal 87: 308–09.
Islam S and Lahkar B C. 1996. A new elephant host record of eye worm Thelazia with some clinical observations. Zoos’ Print 11 (4): 12.
Islam S, Mukit A and Das M. 1999. Pathology of concurrent Gastrodiscus secundus and Pseudodiscus collinsi infection in two captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). Journal of Veterinary Parasitology 13: 151–52.
Jagannath M S, Pillai K R S and Hiregaudar L S. 1979. On the occurrence of Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides Supino 1897 on an Indian elephant (Elephas meximus). Indian Veterinary Journal 56: 978.
Jani R G. 2008. Prevalence and haemato-biochemical studies of gastro-intestinal parasites of Indian elephants (Elephas maximus) Veterinary World 1: 296–98.
Joseph S A, Karunamoorthy G and Lalitha C M. 1987. A study on the incidence of myiasis in domestic animals of Tamil Nadu. Cheiron 16: 175–78.
Kalyanasundaram R. 1979. Parasitic diseases of elephants. Proceedings of the summer institute on Diseases of Wildlife. University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore. 14 May – 2 June (Sect. D). pp. 1–4.
Katiyar R D and Sinha A K. 1987. Hydatid disease in livestock in Sikkim. Livestock Advisor 6: 57–58.
Khan M G A. 1981. Theileriasis in a gaur calf. Indian Veterinary Journal 58: 72–73.
Lahkar B C and Das M R. 1988. A note on successful treatment of elephant (Elephas maximus) with panacur (fenbendazole). Indian Veterinary Journal 65: 538.
McAloon F M. 2004. Oribatid mites as intermediate hosts of Anoplocephala manubriata, cestode of the Asian elephant in India. Experimental and Applied Acarology 32: 181–85.
Modi G S, Prasad B N, Sinha A K and Sinha B K. 1995. Parasitic infections in herbivorous zoo animals. Indian Journal of Veterinary Research 4: 45–50.
Mudaliar G and Alwar V S. 1954. A check list of parasites (class Nematoda) in the Department of Parasitology. Madras Veterinary College Laboratory 24: 77. (fide Chakraborty A. 2003.)
Muraleedharan K and Keshavaprasad B S. 2001. Pseudodiscus collinsi in an Indian elephant. Intas-Polivet 2: 202–03.
Nighot N K, Jadhav R V, Umrigar K, Nevase S N and Rokade J J. 2011. Fasciola infection in captive Asian elephant (Elephas maximus): A case report. Proceedings XXI National Congress of Veterinary Parasitology. 5–7 January, 2011. Mumbai. pp. 121.
Panda S K, Panda D N and Parhi N H. 2005. Occurrence of Cobboldia elephantis (Cobbold 1866) larvae in a wild elephant. Journal of Veterinary Parasitology 19: 163–64.
Panicker K V. 1992. Prevalence of infectious diseases in elephants in Kerala and their treatment.The Asian Elephant – Ecology, Biology, Disease, Conservation and Management. I992. Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur. pp. 148–50.
Patnaik M M and Acharjyo L N. 1970. Notes on the helminth parasites of vertebrates in Baranga zoo (Orissa). Indian Veterinary Journal 47: 723–30.
Pillay K R S, Rahman S A, Hegde K S and Rajasekaran D. 1976. Grammocephalosis in an Indian elephant in Mysore. Indian Veterinary Journal 53: 670–71.
Raghavan R S, Reddy R R and Khan G A. 1968. Dermatitis in elephants caued by the louse Haematomyzus elephantis (Piagot 1869). Indian Veterinary Journal 45: 700–07.
Rahman S A, Pillay K R S, Prema B V and Narayanaswamy M. 1970. Haemonchus contortus (Rudolphi, Cobbold 1898) from an Indian elephant in Mysore. Current Science 39: 356–57.
Rahman H, Pal P and Bandyopadhyay S. 2010. Occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites in domestic yaks in Sikkim. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 80: 195–98.
Rai M K, Ansari M Z, Sahai B N and Chauhan H V S. 1989. Prevalence of helminth parasites of yak (Bos poephagus) in Sikkim India, detection of secondary hydatidosis and histopathology of hydatid cysts parasitizing liver and lungs. Rivista di parasitologia 50: 79–87.
Rajamohanan K. 1970. Acute parasitic enteritis in an elephant. Kerala Journal of Veterinary Science 1: 73–74.
Rajasekariah G R, Hegde K S and Pillay K R S. 1975. Unusual occurrence of Grammocephalus hybridatus Wethuysen 1938 in verminous nodule in the stomach of an Indian elephant (Elephas maximus). Mysore Journal of Agricultural Sciences 9: 141–45.
Rajkhowa S, Bujarbaruah K M, Hazarika G C and Rajkhowa C. 2003a. Observations on trypanosomiasis in mithun. Indian Veterinary Journal 80: 934–36.
Rajkhowa S, Bujarbaruah K M, Rajkhowa C and Kapenlo-Thong. 2003b. Haematobiochemical changes in mithuns with gastrointestinal nematodiasis. Indian Veterinary Journal 80: 1064–66.
Rajkhowa S, Bujarbaruah K M and Rajkhowa C. 2004. Haematobiochemical changes in ascarosis of mithun calves. Indian Veterinary Journal 81: 571–72.
Rajkhowa S, Bujarbaruah K M, Rajkhowa C and Hazarika G C. 2005a. Microfilaraemia in mithuns (Bos frontalis) of Nagaland. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 75: 27–28.
Rajkhowa S, Bujarbaruah K M, Rajkhowa C and Thong K. 2005b. Incidence of intestinal parasitism in mithun (Bos frontalis). Journal of Veterinary Parasitology 19: 39–41.
Rajkhowa S, Rajkhowa C, Bujarbaruah K M and Hazarika G C. 2005c. Seasonal dynamics of Boophilus microplus infestation in the mithuns (Bos frontalis) of Nagaland. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 75: 25–26.
Rajkhowa S, Rajkhowa C, Bujarbaruah K M and Hazarika G C. 2005d. Comparative efficacy of certain acaricides against tick infestations in mithun. Indian Veterinary Journal 82: 601–03.
Rajkhowa S, Rajkhowa C and Hazarika G C. 2006a. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum in mithuns (Bos frontalis) from India.
Veterinary Parasitology 142: 146–49.
Rajkhowa S, Sarma D K and Rajkhowa C. 2006b. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in captive mithuns (Bos frontalis) from India. Veterinary Parasitology 135: 369–74.
Rajkhowa S, Rajkhowa C and Hazarika G C. 2007. Status of parasitic infection in mithun (Bos frontalis) calves in the north- eastern hill region of India. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 77: 568–69.
Rajkhowa S, Rajkhowa C and Chamuah J. 2008a. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in free-ranging mithuns (Bos frontalis) from India. Zoonoses and Public Health 55: 320–22.
Rajkhowa S, Rajkhowa C, Dutta P R, Paihem Michui and Das R. 2008b. Serological evidence of Neospora caninum infection in mithun (Bos frontalis) from India. Research in Veterinary Science 84: 250–53.
Raman M, Jayathangaraj M G and Mailk P K. 2001. In vitro survivability of strongylid larvae of elephants. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 71: 1043–44.
RangaRao G S C, Sharma R L and Hemaprasanth. 1994. Parasitic infections of Indian yak Bos (poehagus) grunniens – an overview. Veterinary Parasitology 53: 75–82.
Rao D S T, Yathiraj S, Choudhuri P C and Reddy P K. 1992. Treatment of helminthiosis in elephants. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 62: 1155–56.
Reddy N R J, Jagannath M S, D’Souza P, Rahman S A and Basavarajappa K. 1992. Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in wild mammals and captive birds at Bannerghata National Park, Bangalore. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 62: 1146– 48.
Roy S and Mazumdar B K. 1988. Anthelmintic activity of Fenbendazole (Panacur) against Murshidia murshida in zoo elephants. Indian Veterinary Journal 65: 531–32.
Roy S, Mazumdar B K, Chakraborty A and Banerjee A K. 1986. Efficacy of three thio- allophanates against strongyle infection in yaks (Bos mutus). Indian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 6: 128–29.
Sarma K K, Thomas S and Sarma M. 2005. Trematode infection in Asian elephants and its treatment with Neozide. Intas-Polivet 6: 318–19.
Sarvanan B C, Pourouchottamane R, Ramesha K P and Bhattacharya M. 2006a. A case of Hypoderma infestation in yak. Indian Veterinary Journal 83: 1105.
Sarvanan B C, Yadav S C, Borkataki S and Pourouchottamane R. 2006b. Lice infestation in yak. Indian Veterinary Journal 83: 1321.
Sarvanan B C, Bandyopadhyay S, Pourouchottamane R, Kataktalware M A, Ramesha K P and Sarkar M. 2008. Incidence of ixodid ticks infesting yak (Poephagus grunniens L.) and its hybrids in Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 78: 159–60.
Sarvanan B C, Pourouchottamane R, Kataktalware M A, Sarkar M and Ramesha K P. 2009. Common ectoparasites infesting yaks. Indian Veterinary Journal 86: 860–61.
Saseedran P C, Rajendran S, Subramanian H, Sasikumar M, Vivek G and Anil K S. 2003. Incidence of helminthic infection among annually dewormed captive elephants. Zoos’ Print Journal 19 (3): 1422.
Sathianesan V, Chandrasekharan K, Sundaram R K and Pythal C. 1979. Anthelmintic efficacy of oxybendazole against the common strongylids in elephants. Kerala Journal of Veterinary Science 10: 153–56.
Saud N, Sheikh I U, Pourouchottamane R and Bhattacharya M. 2005. Haematology of babesiosis in yaks. Indian Veterinary Journal 82: 110–11.
Shailaja V, Venkatesha M D, Renukaprasad C, Jaykumar S R and Krishappa G. 2005. Standardization of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for diagnosis of trypanosomiasis in captive wild animals. Intas-Polivet 6: 207–08.
Singh K P, Srivastava V K, Prasad A and Pandey A P. 1994. Pathology due to Fasciola jacksoni in Indian elephants (Elephas indicus). Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 64: 802–04.
Singh P, Gupta M P, Singla L D, Sharma S, Sandhu B S and Sharma D R. 2006. Parasitic infections in wild herbivores in the Mahendra Choudhury Zoological Park, Chhatbir, Punjab. Zoos’ Print Journal 21 (11): 2459–61.
Sundaram R K, Chandrasekharan K and Madhavan Pillai K. 1971. Tetramisole (Nilverm) as an anthelmintic against gestro- intestinal nematodes of elephants. Kerala Journal of Veterinary Science 2: 55–58.
Sundaram R K, Padmanabha Iyer R, Peter C T and Alwar V S. 1972. On Bivitellobilharzia nairi (Mudaliar and Ramanujachari 1944) Dutt and Srivastava 1955 (Trematoda: Schistosomatidae) parasitic in Indian elephants (Elephas maximus) with a rediscription of the species. Indian Veterinary Journal 49: 1– 10.
Suresh K, Choudhuri P C, Nalini Kumari K, Hafeez Md and Hamza P A. 2001. Epidemiological and clinic-therapeutic studies of strongylosis in elephants. Zoos’ Print Journal 16 (7): 539–40.
Tandon V, Kar P K, Das B, Sharma B and Dorjee J. 2005. Preliminary survey of gastro-intestinal helminth infection in herbivorous livestock of mountainous regions of Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh. Zoos’ Print Journal 20 (5): 1867–68.
Tripathy S B, Das P K and Acharjyo L N. 1989. Treatment of micro- filarial dermatitis in an Asian elephant (Elephas maximus): A case report. Indian Journal of Indigenous Medicine 6: 31–33.
Tripathi S B, Acharjyo L N and Parhi N K. 1997. Use of fembendazole against murshidiasis in a zoo elephant. Indian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 17: 48–49.
Vanitha V, Thiyagesan K and Baskaran N. 2011. Prevalence of intestinal parasites among captive Asian elephants Elephas maximus: effect of season, host, demography and management systems in Tamil Nadu, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 13: 1527–34.
Varadharajan A and Pythal C. 1999. Parasites of Wildlife-I. A preliminary investigation on the parasites of wild animals at the Zoological Garden, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. Zoos’ Print Journal. I-XIV (3–12): 159–16.
Vidya T N C and Sukumar R. 2002. The effect of some ecological factors on the intestinal parasite loads of the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) in southern India. Journal of Bioscience 27: 521–28.
Watve M G. 1995. Helminth parasites of elephants: Ecological aspects. A week with elephants. pp. 289–95. (Eds) Daniel J C and Datye H. Bombay Natural History Society, Bombay and Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
Yadav S C, Sarvanan B C, Borkataki S and Baruah K. 2007. A record of Parafilaria bovicola from yak (Poephagus grunniens, L.) in India. Journal of Veterinary Parasitology 21: 37–38.
Downloads
Submitted
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2014 The Indian Journal of Animal Sciences
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The copyright of the articles published in The Indian Journal of Animal Sciences is vested with the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, which reserves the right to enter into any agreement with any organization in India or abroad, for reprography, photocopying, storage and dissemination of information. The Council has no objection to using the material, provided the information is not being utilized for commercial purposes and wherever the information is being used, proper credit is given to ICAR.
How to Cite
