Genetic variation of highly pathogenic Indian porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses after introduction in 2013

T K RAJKHOWA; C VANLALRUATI; Y D SINGH; R RAVINDRAN; R S ARYA

doi:10.56093/ijans.v88i10.84071

Authors

T K RAJKHOWA Professor, Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry
C VANLALRUATI Junior Research Fellow, Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry
Y D SINGH Assistant Professor (SG), Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry
R RAVINDRAN Assistant Professor (SG), Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry
R S ARYA Assistant Professor (SG), Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry

https://doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v88i10.84071

Keywords:

GP5, HP-PRRS, India, N protein, ORF5, ORF7, Phylogeny

Abstract

To study its possible link to pathogenicity, the genomic variation in full ORF5 and ORF7 genes, and their encoded proteins in 26 field HP-PRRSV isolates from three major HP-PRRS outbreaks occurred in India, since 2013 was analysed. Sequence analysis and phylogenetic tree revealed involvement of genetically different strain in each outbreak of India rather persistence of a single strain. Analysis and comparison of N protein amino acid sequences of HP-PRRSV with VR2332 revealed consistent mutation at position 15D to N or K and 46 K to R in all the HP-PRRSV. GP5 protein showed consistent mutations at 29 positions from that of VR2332. The potential Nglycosylation sites in GP5 was found variable from 4–5 with one additional N-glycan moiety around the neutralizing epitope B. However, the ‘decoy’ epitope A was found highly conserved in all the HP-PRRSV.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

An T Q, Tian Z J, Xiao Y, Li R, Peng J M, Wei T C et al. 2010. Origin of highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, China. Emerging Infectious Diseases 16: 365–67. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1602.090005

Ansari I H, Kwon B, Osorio F A and Pattnaik A K. 2006. Influence of N-linked glycosylation of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus GP5 on virus infectivity, antigenicity, and ability to induce neutralizing antibodies. Journal of Virology 80: 3994–4004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.80.8.3994-4004.2006

Fang Y, Treffers E E, Li Y, Tas A, Sun Z et al. 2012. Efficient frameshifting by mammalian ribosomes to synthesize an additional arterivirus protein. Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences 109: E2920-28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1211145109

Gonin P, Pirzadeh B, Gagnon C A and Dea S. 1999. Seroneutralization of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus correlates with antibody response to the GP5 major envelope glycoprotein. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic and Investigation 11: 20–26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/104063879901100103

Greiser-Wilke I, Depner K, Fritzemeier J, Haas L and Moennig V. 1998. Application of a computer program for genetic typing of classical swine fever virus isolates from Germany. Journal of Virological Methods 75: 141–50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-0934(98)00109-8

Gupta R, Jung E and Brunak S. 2004. Prediction of Nglycosylation sites in human proteins. http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/ services/NetNGlyc/.

Johnson W E, Lifson J D, Lang S M, Johnson R P and Desrosiers R C. 2003. Importance of B-cell responses for immunological control of variant strains of simian immunodeficiency virus. Journal of Virology 77: 375–81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.77.1.375-381.2003

Larochelle R, Antaya M, Morin M and Magar R. 1999. Typing of porcine circovirus in clinical specimens by multiplex PCR. Journal of Virological Methods 80(1): 69–75. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-0934(99)00032-4

Leng C L, An T Q, Chen J Z, Gong D Q, Peng J M, Yang Y Q et al. 2012. Highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus GP5 B antigenic region is not a neutralizing antigenic region. Veterinary Microbiology 159(3– 4): 273–81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.06.018

Li Y, Treffers E E, Napthine S, Tas A, Zhu L et al. 2014. Transactivation of programmed ribosomal frameshifting by a viral protein. Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences 111: E2172-81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1321930111

Li Y, Wang X, Bo K, Wang X, Tang B, Yang B et al. 2007. Emergence of a highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in the Mid-Eastern region of China. Veterinary Journal 174: 577–84. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.07.032

Loemba H D, Mounir S, Mardassi H, Archambault D and Dea S. 1996. Kinetics of humoral immune response to the major structural proteins of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Archives of Virology 141: 751–61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01718333

Meulenberg J J, Hulst M M, de Meijer E J, Moonen P L, den Besten A, de Kluyver E P et al. 1993. Lelystad virus, the causative agent of porcine epidemic abortion and respiratory syndrome (PEARS), is related to LDV and EAV. Virology 192: 62–72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/viro.1993.1008

Nelsen C J, Murtaugh M P and Faaberg K S. 1999. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus comparison: divergent evolution on two continents. Journal of Virology 73(1): 270–80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.73.1.270-280.1999

Ostrowski M, Galeota J A, Jar A M, Platt K B, Osorio F A and Lopez O J. 2002. Identification of neutralizing and nonneutralizing epitopes in the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus GP5 ectodomain. Journal of Virology 76(9): 4241–50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.76.9.4241-4250.2002

Pirzadeh B and Dea S. 1997. Monoclonal antibodies to the ORF5 product of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus define linear neutralizing determinants. Journal of General Virology 78: 1867–73. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-78-8-1867

Plagemann P G. 2004. GP5 ectodomain epitope of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, strain Lelystad virus. Virus Research 102: 225–30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2004.01.031

Rajkhowa T K, Gogoi A, Hauhnar L and Isaac I. 2015a. Molecular detection, epidemiology and clinico-pathological studies on first outbreak of Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) in pig population of Mizoram, India. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 85(4): 343–47.

Rajkhowa T K, JaganMohanarao G, Gogoi A, Hauhnar L and Isaac L. 2015b. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) from the first outbreak of India shows close relationship with the highly pathogenic variant of China. Veterinary Quarterly 35(4): 186–93. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01652176.2015.1066043

Rajkhowa T K, Mohan Rao G J, Gogoi A and Hauhnar L. 2016. Indian porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus bears discontinuous deletion of 30 amino acids in nonstructural protein 2. Virus Disease 27(3): 287–93. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13337-016-0341-9

Tamura K, Peterson D, Peterson N, Stecher G, Nei M and Kumar S. 2011. MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Molecular Biology and Evolution 28(10): 2731–39. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msr121

Tian K, Yu X, Zhao T, Feng Y, Cao Z, Wang C et al. 2007. Emergence of fatal PRRSV variants: unparalleled outbreaks of atypical PRRS in China and molecular dissection of the unique hallmark. PLoS ONE 2(6): e526. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000526

Tong G Z, Zhou Y J, Hao X F, Tian Z J, An T Q and Qiu H J. 2007. Highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, China. Emerging Infectious Diseases 13: 1434–36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1309.070399

vanVugt J J, Storgaard T, Oleksiewicz M B and Botner A. 2001. High frequency RNA recombination in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus occurs preferentially between parental sequences with high similarity. Journal of General Virology 82: 2615–20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-82-11-2615

Wei X, Decker J M, Wang S, Hui H, Kappes J C, Wu X et al. 2003. Antibody neutralization and escape by HIV-1. Nature 42: 307–12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01470

Wissink E H, van Wijk H A, Kroese M V, Weiland E, Meulenberg J J, Rottier P J et al. 2003. The major envelope protein, GP5, of a European porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus contains a neutralization epitope in its N-terminal ectodomain. Journal of General Virology 84: 1535–43. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.18957-0

Yuan S, Nelsen C J, Murtaugh M P, Schmitt B J and Faaberg K S. 1999. Recombination between North American strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Virus Research 61: 87–98. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1702(99)00029-5

Yuan S, Murtaugh M P and Faaberg K S. 2000. Heteroclite subgenomic RNAs are produced in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection. Virology 275: 158–69. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/viro.2000.0639

Yuan S, Mickelson D, Murtaugh M P and Faaberg K S. 2001. Complete genome comparison of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus parental and attenuated strains. Virus Research 74: 99–110. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1702(00)00250-1

Yuan S, Murtaugh M P, Schumann F A, Mickelson D and Faaberg K S. 2004. Characterization of heteroclite subgenomic RNAs associated with PRRSV infection. Virus Research 105: 75– 87. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2004.04.015

Zhou Y J, Hao X F, Tian Z J, Tong G Z, Yoo D, An T Q et al. 2008. Highly virulent porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus emerged in China. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 55: 152–64. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1865-1682.2008.01020.x