Assessment of fodder quality and methane production potential of north-eastern Himalayan forest tree leaves

T TAKU; A SANTRA; S BARIK; D K MANDAL; S K DAS

doi:10.56093/ijans.v89i1.86390

Authors

T TAKU PhD Scholar, Eastern Regional Station, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Kalyani, West Bengal 741 235 India
A SANTRA Principal Scientist, Eastern Regional Station, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Kalyani, West Bengal 741 235 India
S BARIK PhD Scholar, Eastern Regional Station, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Kalyani, West Bengal 741 235 India
D K MANDAL Principal Scientist, Eastern Regional Station, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Kalyani, West Bengal 741 235 India
S K DAS Principal Scientist, Eastern Regional Station, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Kalyani, West Bengal 741 235 India

https://doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v89i1.86390

Keywords:

Fodder quality, In vitro digestibility, Methane, Plant secondary metabolites, Rumen protozoa, Tree leaves

Abstract

Nutritional evaluation as tree fodder as well as a rumen manipulator of six multipurpose Himalayan forest tree leaves, viz. Kadam (Anthocephalus cadamba), Kaew (Costus speciosus), Karoi (Albizia procera), Bakful (Sasbania grandiflora), Gamar (Gmelina arborea), and Barhar (Artocarpus lakoocha), were evaluated by in vitro gas production test. The mean content of OM, CP, EE, T-CHO, NDF, ADF, cellulose and lignin of these tested tree leaves were 91.4, 14.6, 3.9, 72.8, 42.7, 31.2, 19.8, and 11.1% on DM basis, respectively. The gas production per g digested dry matter varied from 111.1 ml/g DDM/24h in Bakful (Sasbania grandiflora) to 612.3 ml/g DDM/24h in Barhar (Artocarpus lakoocha) tree leaves while methane production per gram digested dry matter varied from 14.7 ml/g DDM/24h in Kadam (Anthocephalus cadamba) to 102.2 ml/g DDM/24h in Bahar (Artocarpus lakoocha) tree leaves. TVFA and propionate production were higher due to inclusion of Karoi (Albizia procera) tree leaves in the incubation media. However, lowest NH3-N concentration and rumen protozoal population were observed due to incubation of Kadam (Anthocephalus cadamba) tree leave. Similarly, activity of polysaccharide degrading enzyme like carboxymethyl cellulase, xylanase and Î²-glucoidase enzymes were lower due to incubation of Kadam (Anthocephalus cadamba) in comparison to other tested tree leaves. However, activity of amylase enzyme was similar among all the tested tree leaves. Highest IVTDMD (52.3%) was observed for the Karoi (Albizia procera) tree leaves followed by Kaew (Costus speciosus) (47.9%) and Kadam (Anthocephalus cadamba) (43.8%) tree leaves. Similarly, TDN and ME content were also highest for Karoi (Albizia procera) tree leaves. The results indicated that among the tested tree leaves, Karoi (Albizia procera) was best tree fodder for feeding to the animals and Kadam (Anthocephalus cadamba) can be used as rumen manipulator to reduce ruminal methanogenesis and protozoal population for improving animal productivity.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Aganga A A and Tshwenyane S O. 2003. Feeding values and anti- nutritive factors of forage tree legumes. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 2: 170–77. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2003.170.177

Agarwal N, Kewalramani N, Kamra D N, Agarwal D K and Nath K. 1991. Hydrolytic enzymes of buffalo rumen: comparison of cell free fluid, bacterial and protozoal fractions. Buffalo Journal 7: 203–07.

Alam M P and Djajanigara A. 1994. Nutritive value and yield of potential tree leaves and shrubs in Bangladesh. Proceedings of the 7th AAAP Animal Science Congress on Sustainable Animal Production and Environment, vol. 2. (Ed.) Sukmawati

A. July 6 to 11, Bali, Indonesia. pp. 317–318.

Alexander G, Singh B, Sahoo A and Bhat T K. 2008. In vitro screening of plant extracts to enhance the efficiency of utilization of energy and nitrogen in ruminant diets. Animal Feed Science and Technology 145: 229–44. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.05.036

Amos H E and Akin D E. 1978. Rumen protozoal degradation of structurally intact forage tissues. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 36: 513–22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.36.3.513-522.1978

AOAC. 2005. Official Methods of Analysis.18th edn. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Maryland, USA.

Asiegbu F O, Paterson A, Morrison I M and Smith J E. 1995.

Effect of cell wall phenolics and fungal metabolites on methane and acetate production under in vitro conditions. Journal of General and Applied Microbiology 41: 475–85. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2323/jgam.41.475

Bakshi M P S and Wadhwa M. 2007. Tree leaves as complete feed for goat bucks. Small Ruminant Research 69: 74–78. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2005.12.009

Barnett A J G and Reid R L. 1957. Studies on the production of volatile fatty acids from grass by rumen liquor in artificial rumen. The volatile fatty acid production from fresh grasses. Journal of Agricultural Science 48: 315–21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859600031671

Bhatta R, Uyeno Y, Tajima K, Takenaka A, Yabumoto Y, Nonaka I, Enishi O and Kurihara M. 2009. Difference in the nature of tannins on in vitro ruminal methane and volatile fatty acid production and on methanogenenic archae and protozoal populations. Journal of Dairy Science 92: 5512–22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2008-1441

Bhatta R, Saravanan M, Baruah L, Malik P K and Prasad C S. 2015. Effects of graded levels of tannin-containing tropical tree leaves on in vitro rumen fermentation, total protozoa and methane production. Journal of Applied Microbiology 118: 557–64. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.12723

Bhatta R, Saravanan M, Baruah L, Malik P K and Sampath K T. 2017. Nutrient composition, rate of fermentation and in vitro rumen methane output from tropical feed stuffs. Journal of Agricultural Science 155: 171–83. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859616000642

Blummel M, Makkar H P S and Becker K. 1997. In vitro gas production: a technique revisited. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 77: 24–34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0396.1997.tb00734.x

Chaudhary L C, Srivastava A and Singh K K. 1995. Rumen fermentation pattern and digestion of structural carbohydrate in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) calves as affected by ciliate protozoa. Animal Feed Science and Technology 56: 111–17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(95)00810-A

Coleman G S. 1980. Rumen ciliate protozoa. Advances in Parasitology 18: 121–73. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-308X(08)60399-1

Datt C, Chhabra A, Bujarbaruah K M, Dhiman K R and Singh N P. 2007. Nutritional evaluation of tree leaves and shrubs as fodder for ruminants in Tripura. Indian Journal of Dairy Science 60: 184–90.

Datt C, Datta M and Singh N P. 2008. Assessment of fodder quality of leaves of multipurpose trees in sub tropical climate of India. Journal of Foresty Research 19: 209–14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-008-0035-2

Deuri P and Wadhwa M. 2018. In vitro fermentability and methane production of complete feeds as affected by supplementation of tree leaves. Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition 35: 71–75. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5958/2231-6744.2018.00009.9

Duncan B B. 1955. Multiple range and multiple F-test. Biometrics 11: 1–42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3001478

Getachew, Makkar H P S and Becker K. 2000. Effect of polyethelene glycol on in vitro degradability of nitrogen and microbial protein synthesis from tannin rich browse and herbaceous legumes. British Journal of Nutrition 84: 73–83. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114500001252

Goel G, Makkar H P S and Becker K. 2008. Changes in microbial community structure, methanogenesis and rumen fermentation in response to saponins rich fraction from different plant materials. Journal of Applied Microbiology 105: 770–77. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03818.x

Hess H D, Monosalve L M, Lascano C E, Carulla J E, Diaz T E and Kreuzer M. 2003. Supplementation of a tropical grass diet with forage legumes and Sapindus saponaria fruits: Effect on in vitro ruminal nitrogen turnover and methanogenesis. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 54: 703–13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1071/AR02241

Hristov A N, Ivan M, Neill L and McAllister T A. 2003. Evaluation of several potential bioactive agents for reducing protozoal activity in vitro. Animal Feed Science and Technology 105: 163–84. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-8401(03)00060-9

Hristov A N, Kennington L R, McGuire M A and Hunt C W. 2005. Effect of diet containing linoleic acid or oleic acid-rich oils on ruminal fermentation and nutrient digestibility, and performance and fatty acid composition of adipose and muscle tissues of finishing cattle. Journal of Animal Science 83: 1312– 21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2527/2005.8361312x

Hungate R E. 1966. The rumen protozoa. The Rumen and its Microbes. Academic Press, New York. pp. 92–147. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4832-3308-6.50006-1

Jeyalalitha T, Murugan K and Umayavalli M. 2015. Preliminary phytochemical screening of leaf extracts of Anthocephalus cadamba. International Journal of Recent Scientific Research 6: 6608–11.

Jouany J P, Demeyer D I and Grain J. 1988. Effect of defaunating the rumen. Animal Feed Science and Technology 21: 229–65. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(88)90105-8

Kamra D N, Agarwal N and Chaudhary L C. 2006. Inhibition of ruminal methanogenesis by tropical plants containing secondary metabolites. International Congress Series 1293: 156–63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ics.2006.02.002

Krishnamoorthy U, Soller H, Steingass H and Menke K H. 1995. Energy and protein evaluation of tropical feedstuffs for whole tract and ruminal digestion by chemical analyses and rumen inoculum studies in vitro. Animal Feed Science and Technology 52: 177–88. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(95)00734-5

Makkar H P S, Blummel M and Becker K. 1995. In vitro effects of interaction between tannin and saponins and fate of tannins in the rumen. Journal of the Science Food and Agriculture 69: 481–93. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2740690413

Menke K H and Steingass H. 1988. Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained by chemical analysis and in vitro gas production using rumen fluid. Animal Research Development 28: 7–55.

Miller G L. 1959. Use of dinitrosalicyclic acid reagent for determining reducing sugar. Analytical Chemistry 31: 426– 28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60147a030

Min B R, Pinchak W E, Fulford J D and Puchala R. 2005. Wheat pasture bloat dynamics, in vitro ruminal gas production, and potential bloat mitigation with condensed tannins. Journal of Animal Science 83: 1322–31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2527/2005.8361322x

National Research Council (NRC). 1989. Nutrient Requirements of Horses. 5th rev. ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, USA.

Patra A K and Saxena J. 2009. Dietary phytochemicals as rumen modifiers: A review of the effects on microbial populations. Antone Van Leeuwenhoek 96: 363–75. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10482-009-9364-1

Patra A K and Saxena J. 2010. A new perspective on the use of plant secondary metabolites to inhibit methanogenesis in the rumen. Phytochemistry 71: 1198–1222. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.05.010

Patra A K, Kamra D N and Agarwal N. 2006a. Effect of plant extract on in vitro methanogenesis, enzyme activities and fermentation of feed in rumen liquor of buffalo. Animal Feed Science and Technology 128: 276–91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2005.11.001

Patra A K, Kamra D N and Agarwal N. 2006b. Effect of plant containing secondary metabolites on in vitro methanogenesis, enzyme profile and fermentation of feed with rumen liquor of buffalo. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology 6: 203–13.

Puchala R, Min B R, Goetsch A L and Sahlu T. 2005. The effect of a condensed tannin containing forage on methane emission in goats. Journal of Animal Science 83: 182–86. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2527/2005.831182x

Santra A and Karim S A. 2002. Influence of ciliate protozoa on biochemical changes and hydrolytic enzyme profile in the rumen ecosystem. Journal of Applied Microbiology 92: 801– 11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01583.x

Santra A, Banerjee A and Das S K. 2013. Effect of vegetable oils on ciliate protozoa, methane yield, enzyme profile and rumen fermentation in vitro. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology 13: 181–93.

Sharma R K, Singh B and Bhatt T K. 2000. Nitrogen solubility, protein fractions, tannins and in sacco dry matter digestibility of tree fodders of shiwalik range. Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition 17: 1–7.

Singh K A. 1999. Nutrient content in tree fodders and bamboo leaves of eastern Himalaya. Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition 16: 178–82.

Singh I, Hundal J S, Wadhwa M W and Lamba J S. 2018. Assessment of potential of some tannins and saponins containing herbs on digestibility of nutrients, fermentation kinetics and enteric methane production under different feeding systems: an in vitro study. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 88: 443–52.

Sliwinski B J, Soliva C R, Machmuller A and Kreuzer M. 2002. Efficacy of plant extracts rich in secondary constituents to modify rumen fermentation. Animal Feed Science and Technology 101: 101–14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-8401(02)00139-6

Snedecor G W and Cochran W G. 1994. Statistical Methods. 8th edn. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, USA.

Van Soest P J, Robertson J B and Lewis B A. 1991. Methods for dietary fibre, neutral detergent fibre and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science 74: 3583–97. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2

Van Soest P J. 1994. Nutritional Ecology of the Ruminant. 2nd edn. Comstock Publishing Associates/Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501732355

Veira D M, Ivan M and Jui P Y. 1983. Rumen ciliate protozoa: effects on digestion in the stomach of sheep. Journal of Dairy Science 66: 1015–22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(83)81896-7

Waghorn G C and McNabb W C. 2003. Consequences of plant phenolic compounds for productivity and health of ruminants. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 62: 383–92. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1079/PNS2003245

Weatherburn M W. 1967. Phenol-hypochlorite reaction for determination of ammonia. Analytical Chemistry 39: 971–74. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60252a045

Williams A G and Withers E. 1991. Effect of ciliate protozoa on the activity of polysaccharide degrading enzymes and fibre DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.1991.tb04440.x

breakdown in the rumen ecosystem. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 70: 144–45.