Mangrove Forests in Changing Climate: A Global Overview
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Authors
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C S DAS
Department of Geography, Barasat Government College, Barasat, Kolkata - 700 124, West Bengal, India
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D MALLICK
Department of Geoinformatics, SKYMAP GLOBAL, Kolkata - 700 064, West Bengal, India
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R N MANDAL
Regional Research Center, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Rahara, Kolkata - 700 118, West Bengal, India
Keywords:
NDVI, Resilience, Sea level rise, Sediment accretion, Sediment degradationAbstract
Fossil records indicate that mangrove ecosystems first appeared at the beginning of the late Cretaceous period [146 to 100 million years ago (Ma)], and have considerable changes during more than 55 million years. Spreading over more than 118 countries in the tropics, subtropics and temperate regions, mangroves or coastal tidal forests now dwindle at the rate of 1-2% per year as a result of changing climate in general and sea-level rise (SLR) in particular. But the study of relative SLR is very complex; because, in most of the coastal regions exhibits five important processes - tides, subsidence, coastal erosion, sediment accretion and seal level rise which are running instantaneously. Sedimentation processes along with the mangrove's geomorphic setting of any region is an important event in responses to sea-level changes. Nevertheless, mangroves may be resilient to survive as colonizing in new areas through competitive succession and dominance as evident by its long evolutionary trend. The present study analyses the actual and predicted sea-level rise vis-a-vis loss of mangrove in different vulnerable coastal zones through a literature survey. South East Asia shows a gradual degradation of the forest at a higher rate compared to the rest of the world because of both natural (SLR) and anthropogenic causes (land-use changes). As a case study, the degradation of mangroves of the Sundarbans region is calculated through the NDVI approach from 2005 to 2018. The multi-temporal LISS 3 satellite data shows that the rate of degradation is around 0.113% per year. Along with the global climate change, the dependence of the populace on the mangroves ecosystem for livelihood is a common scenario in SE Asia that may cause further degradation of mangroves - a situation to strangle mangroves to have severe stress, which is somewhat minimal in the developed world due to the remote existence and sufficient conservation.
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