Emergence and transboundary spread of lumpy skin disease in South Asia
416 / 186
Keywords:
Asia, Bovine, Emergence, India, LSD, VectorAbstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an OIE notifiable, transboundary pox viral disease of livestock. LSD is an emerging disease severely affecting livestock economics. The zoonotic potential of the LSD virus has not been extensively studied and reported. In approximately 90 years, the virus dispersed to numerous world locations after its first emergence in Zambia. LSD virus emergence in South Asia prevailed among livestock (cattle and water buffalo) owners due to economic/financial losses. The estimate of the economic impact of LSD in the southern, eastern and southeastern countries suggested direct losses of livestock and production of approximately USD 1.45 billion. In 2019, nearly the same time, the disease was reported for the first time from many bordering countries, such as India, Nepal, China, and Bangladesh. In 2020, the LSD was also recorded in Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Vietnam and Southeast China. In 2021, it further spread to new countries such as Thailand, Malaysia and Cambodia. Cattle affected with LSD show a characteristic nodular lesion or skin lump over the whole body and may occasionally be associated with systemic signs. Hematophagous arthropod-borne mechanical transmission is considered primary and the most common route; however, other transmission routes related to illegal animal trade have played a role in the emergence of LSD in countries otherwise/earlier free from it. Among serological diagnostic tests, OIE recommends virus neutralization as the standard gold test. Diagnosis in LSD-free countries requires virus isolation and further sequencing of the isolate. Control of LSD is possible by most of the measures applied for rapidly transmitting viral infection, including vaccination. LSD virus-specific vaccines are considered suitable to confer protection to cattle and buffalo over heterologous vaccines. In countries such as India, the lack of a specific policy for LSD at the time of the first onset of this disease, the high density of susceptible unvaccinated populations, unawareness among farmers, veterinarians and prevailing laws of no slaughter of cattle created a favourable situation of its spread to many states. Amid COVID-19, the whole world is in turmoil; the emergence of diseases such as LSD is further lowering the economy, and hence must be reviewed to save and sustain the backbone of the developing country's economy in Southeast Asia.
Downloads
References
Abdallah F M, El Damaty H M and Kotb G F. 2018. Sporadic cases of lumpy skin disease among cattle in Sharkia province, Egypt: Genetic characterization of lumpy skin disease virus isolates and pathological findings. Veterinary World 11: 1150–58. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2018.1150-1158
Abdulqa H Y, Rahman H S, Dyary H O and Othman H H. 2016. Lumpy skin disease. Reproductive Immunology: Open Access 1: 25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21767/2476-1974.100025
Abutarbush S M. 2014. Efficacy of vaccination against lumpy skin disease in Jordanian cattle. Veterinary Record 175: 302. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.102271
Abutarbush S M. 2017. Lumpy Skin Disease (Knopvelsiekte, Pseudo-Urticaria, Neethling Virus Disease, Exanthema Nodularis Bovis). Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47426-7_14
Abutarbush S M and Tuppurainen E S. 2018. Serological and clinical evaluation of the Yugoslavian RM 65 sheep pox strain vaccine use in cattle against lumpy skin disease. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 65: 1657–63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12923
Acharya K P and Subedi D. 2020. First outbreak of lumpy skin disease in Nepal. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 67: 2280–81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.13815
Al-Salihi K A. 2014. Lumpy skin disease: Review of literature. Mirror of Research in Veterinary Sciences and Animals 3:6–23.
Al Salihi K A and Hassan I Q. 2015. Lumpy skin disease in Iraq: study of the disease emergence. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 62: 457–62. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12386
Annandale C H, Holm D E, Ebersohn K, Venter E H. 2014. Seminal transmission of lumpy skin disease virus in heifers. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 61: 443–48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12045
Anonymous. 2020. Lumpy skin disease reported in 3 districts of Kerala. The Hindu Sect. Section|:Start Page| (col. Column)|.ANIMAL PRODUCTS. Available from http://apeda.gov.in/apedawebsite/six_head_product/animal.htm
Australia A H. 2009. Disease strategy: Lumpy skin disease (Version 3.0). Australian Veterinary Emergency Plan (AUSVETPLAN). In. 3 ed.
Ayelet G, Abate Y, Sisay T, Nigussie H, Gelaye E, Jemberie S and Asmare K. 2013. Lumpy skin disease: preliminary vaccine efficacy assessment and overview on outbreak impact in dairy cattle at Debre Zeit, central Ethiopia. Antiviral Research 98: 261–65. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.02.008
Babiuk S, Bowden T R, Boyle D B, Wallace D B and Kitching R P. 2008. Capripoxviruses: An emerging worldwide threat to sheep, goats and cattle. Transboundary and EmergingDiseases 55: 263–72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1865-1682.2008.01043.x
Balinsky C A, Delhon G, Smoliga G, Prarat M, French R A, Geary S J, Rock D L and Rodriguez L L. 2008. Rapid preclinical detection of sheep pox virus by a real-time PCR assay. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 46: 438–42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01953-07
Barnard B J H, Munz E, Dumbell K and Prozesky L. 1994. Lumpy Skin Disease, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ben-Gera J, Klement E, Khinich E, Stram Y and Shpigel N Y. 2015. Comparison of the efficacy of Neethling lumpy skin disease virus and x10RM65 sheep-pox live attenuated vaccines for the prevention of lumpy skin disease–The results of a randomized controlled field study. Vaccine 33: 4837–42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.07.071
Biswas D, Saha S S and Sayeed S B M. 2020. Outbreak of lumpy skin disease of cattle in south-west part of Bangladesh and its clinical management. Veterinary Sciences: Research and Reviews 6: 100–108. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.vsrr/2020.6.100.108
Brenner J, Bellaiche M, Gross E, Elad D, Oved Z, Haimovitz M, Wasserman A, Friedgut O, Stram Y, Bumbarov V Y and Yadin H. 2009. Appearance of skin lesions in cattle populations vaccinated against lumpy skin disease: statutory challenge. Vaccine 27: 1500–03. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.01.020
Brenner J, Haimovitz M, Oren E, Stram Y, Fridgut O, Bumbarov V, Kuznetzova L, Oved Z, Waserman A and Garazzi S. 2006. Lumpy skin disease (LSD) in a large dairy herd in Israel, June 2006. Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine 61: 73.
Burdin M. 1959. Lumpy skin disease of cattle in Kenya. Nature 183: 949–950. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/183949b0
Capstick P B, Prydie J, Coackley W and Burdin M L. 1959. Protection of cattle against the “Neetlhing” type virus of lumpy skin disease. Veterinary Record 71: 422.
Carn VMaK R. P. 1995. An investigation of possible routes of transmission of lumpy skin disease virus (Neethling). Epidemiology and Infection 114: 219–26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268800052067
Casal J, Allepuz A, Miteva A, Pite L, Tabakovsky B, Terzievski D, Alexandrov T and Beltrán-Alcrudo D. 2018. Economic cost of lumpy skin disease outbreaks in three Balkan countries: Albania, Bulgaria and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (2016–2017). Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 65: 1680–88. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12926
Lumpy Skin Disease. Technical Factsheet. Available from http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/lumpy_skin_disease.pdf.
Coetzer JAW. 2004. Lumpy Skin Disease. 2nd Edition ed. Cape Town, South Africa: Oxford University Press. Davies F G. 1991. Lumpy skin disease of cattle: a growing problem in Africa and the Near East. World Animal Review 68: 37–42.
EFSA, Calistri P, De Clercq K, Gubbins S, Klement E, Stegeman A, Cortiñas Abrahantes J, Marojevic D, Antoniou S E and Broglia A. 2020. Lumpy skin disease epidemiological report IV: data collection and analysis. EFSA Journal 18: 6010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6010
El-Kenawy A A and El-Tholoth M S. 2010. Sequence analysis of attachment gene of lumpy skin disease and sheep poxviruses. Virologica Sinica 25: 409–16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12250-010-3150-0
El-Mandrawy S A and Alam R T. 2018. Hematological, biochemical and oxidative stress studies of lumpy skin disease virus infection in cattle. Journal of Applied Animal Research 46:1073–77. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2018.1461629
Elhaig M M, Selim A and Mahmoud M. 2017. Lumpy skin disease in cattle: Frequency of occurrence in a dairy farm and a preliminary assessment of its possible impact on Egyptian buffaloes. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 84: 1–6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/ojvr.v84i1.1393
Enahoro D, Mason-D’Croz D, Mul M, Rich KM, Robinson T P, Thornton P and Staal S S. 2019. Supporting sustainable expansion of livestock production in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa: Scenario analysis of investment options. Global Food Security 20: 114–121. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2019.01.001
Feyisa A F. 2018. A case report on clinical management of lumpy skin disease in bull. Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology 9: 538. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.1000538
Gari G, Abie G, Gizaw D, Wubete A, Kidane M, Asgedom H, Bayissa B, Ayelet G, Oura C A, Roger F and Tuppurainen ESM. 2015. Evaluation of the safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of three capripoxvirus vaccine strains against lumpy skin disease virus. Vaccine 33: 3256–3261. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.01.035
Gari G, Bonnet P, Roger F and Waret-Szkuta A. 2011. Epidemiological aspects and financial impact of lumpy skin disease in Ethiopia. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 102: 274–83. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.07.003
Gershon P D and Black D N. 1988. A comparison of the genomes of capripoxvirus isolates of sheep, goats, and cattle. Virology 164: 341–49. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0042-6822(88)90547-8
Gibbs P. 2013. Pox Diseases: Lumpy Skin Disease. Available from: http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.html.
Gupta T, Patial V, Bali D, Angaria S, Sharma M and Chahota R. 2020. A review: Lumpy skin disease and its emergence in India. Veterinary Research Communication 44: 111–118. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-020-09780-1
Hamdi J, Bamouh Z, Jazouli M, Boumart Z, Tadlaoui K O, Fihri O F and Harrak M E. 2020. Experimental evaluation of the cross-protection between Sheeppox and bovine Lumpy skin DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-65856-7
vaccines. Scientific Report 10: 1–9.
Hasib F M Y, Islam M S, Das T, Rana E A, Uddin M H, Bayzid M, Nath C, Hossain M A, Masuduzzaman M, Das S and Alim M A. 2021. Lumpy skin disease outbreak in cattle population of Chattogram, Bangladesh. Veterinary Medicine and Science. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.524
House J A, Wilson T M, Nakashly S E, Karim I A, Ismail I, Danaf N E, Moussa A M and Ayoub N N. 1990. The isolation of lumpy skin disease virus and bovine herpes virus-from cattle in Egypt. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 2:111–115. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/104063879000200205
Ireland DCaB Y S. 1998. Improved detection of capripoxvirus in biopsy samples by PCR. Journal of Virological Methods 74: 1–7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-0934(98)00035-4
Jameel G H. 2016. Determination of complications decrease the risk factor in Cattle infected by lumpy skin disease virus in diyala province, Iraq. International Journal of Micro Biology, Genetics and Monocular Biology Research 2:1–9.
Kamal S A. 2019. Comparative studies on lumpy skin disease virus in human. Medical and Clinical Archives 3: 1–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15761/MCA.1000161
Kara P D, Afonso C L, Wallace D B, Kutish G F, Abolnik C, Lu Z, Vreede F T, Taljaard L C F, Zsak A, Viljoen G J et al. 2003. Comparative sequence analysis of the South African vaccine strain and two virulent field isolates of lumpy skin disease virus. Archives of Virology 148: 1335–56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-003-0102-0
Kayesh M E H, Hussan M T, Hashem M A, Eliyas M and Anower A M. 2020. Lumpy skin disease virus infection: An emerging threat to cattle health in Bangladesh. Hosts and Viruses 7: 97–108. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.hv/2020/7.4.97.108
Kiplagat S K, Kitala P M, Onono J O, Beard P M and Lyons N A. 2020. Risk factors for outbreaks of lumpy skin disease and the economic impact in cattle farms of Nakuru county, Kenya. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 7: 259. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.00259
Kitching R P. 2003. Vaccines for lumpy skin disease, sheep pox and goat pox. Developments in Biologicals (Basel) 114: 161–67.
Krešié N, Šimié I, Bedekovié T, Acinger-Rogié • and Lojkié I. 2020. Evaluation of serological tests for detection of antibodies against lumpy skin disease virus. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 58: e00348–00320. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00348-20
Kumar N, Chander Y, Kumar R, Khandelwal N, Riyesh T, Chaudhary K, Shanmugasundaram K, Kumar S, Kumar A, Gupta M K, Pal Y, Barua S and Tripathi B N. 2021. Isolation and characterization of lumpy skin disease virus from cattle in India. PLoS One 16: e0241022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241022
Kumar P, Kumar P, Roy R K, Kumari R R, Kumar A, Sarma K, Sharma P and Kumar M. 2021. Mixed infection of tick-borne haemo-parasites in water buffalo and associated pathological responses and treatment. Indian Journal of Animal Research. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18805/IJAR.B-4450
Kumari R R, Kumar R, Kumar P and Kumar M. 2019. Emergence and variations in disease ecology of tick-borne bovine theileriosis in East India. International Journal of Livestock Research 9: 12–25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5455/ijlr.20190920061236
Lamien C E, Le Goff C, Silber R, Wallace D B, Gulyaz V, Tuppurainen E, Madani H, Caufour P, Adam T, El Harrak M, et al. 2011. Use of the capripoxvirus homologue of vaccinia virus 30 kDa RNA polymerase subunit (RPO30) gene as a novel diagnostic and genotyping target: development of a classical PCR method to differentiate goat poxvirus from sheep poxvirus. Veterinary Microbiology 149: 30–39. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.09.038
Le Goff C, Lamien C E, Fakhfakh E, Chadeyras A, Aba-Adulugba E, Libeau G, Tuppurainen E, Wallace D B, Adam T, Silber R, Glyaz V, Madani H, Caufour P, Hammami S, Diallo A and Albina E. 2009. Capripoxvirus Gprotein-coupled chemokine receptor: a host-range gene suitable for virus animal origin discrimination. Journal of General Virology 90: 1967–77. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.010686-0
Lu G, Xie J, Luo J, Shao R, Jia K and Li S. 2020. Lumpy skin disease outbreaks in China, since 3 August 2019. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 68: 977–980. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.13898
Lubinga J C, Clift S J, Tuppurainen E S, Stoltsz W H, Babiuk S, Coetzer J A and Venter E H. 2014. Demonstration of lumpy skin disease virus infection in Amblyomma hebraeum and Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks using immunohistochemistry. Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases 5: 113–20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2013.09.010
MacDonald RAS. 1931. Pseudo-Urticaria of cattle. pp. 20–21.
Mafirakureva P, Saidi B and Mbanga J. 2017. Incidence and molecular characterisation of lumpy skin disease virus in Zimbabwe using the P32 gene. Tropical Animal Health and Production 49: 47–54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-016-1156-9
Mikhael C A, Nakhla O E and Mohamed N A. 2017. Study on the capability of a dual capripox vaccine in protection of cattle against LSD infection. Journal Of Veterinary Medical Research 24: 224–33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21608/jvmr.2017.43265
Molla W, de Jong M C, Gari G and Frankena K. 2017. Economic impact of lumpy skin disease and cost effectiveness of vaccination for the control of outbreaks in Ethiopia. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 147: 100–07. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.09.003
Morgenstern M and Klement E. 2020. The Effect of Vaccination with Live Attenuated Neethling Lumpy Skin Disease Vaccine on Milk Production and Mortality—An Analysis of 77 Dairy Farms in Israel. Vaccines (Basel) 8: 324. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8020324
Mulatu E and Feyisa A. 2018. Review: Lumpy skin disease. Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology 9: 1–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.1000535
Neamat-Allah A N F and Mahmoud E A. 2019. Assessing the possible causes of hemolytic anemia associated with lumpy skin disease naturally infected buffaloes. Comparative Clinical Pathology 28: 747–53. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-019-02952-9
Ochwo S, VanderWaal K, Ndekezi C, Nkamwesiga J, Munsey A, Witto S G, Nantima N, Mayanja F, Okurut A R A, Atuhaire D K and Mwiine F N. 2020. Molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of lumpy skin disease virus from outbreaks in Uganda 2017–2018. BMC Veterinary Research.16:1–10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-020-02288-5
OIE. 2013. Lumpy Skin Disease. Aetiology, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Prevention and Control References. In: www.oie.int. pp. 1–5.
OIE. 2019. Infection with Lumpy Skin Disease Virus, In: Terrestrial Animal Health Code. In: Paris: www.oie.int. Database Name 2021. World Organisation for Animal Health. Available from: https://wahis.oie.int/#/dashboards/country-ordisease-dashboard.
Prozesky L and Barnard B J. 1982. A study of the pathology of lumpy skin disease in cattle. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 49: 167–75.
Roche X, Rozstalnyy A, TagoPacheco D, Pittiglio C, Kamata A, Beltran Alcrudo D, Bisht K, Karki S, Kayamori J, Larfaoui F, Raizman E, VonDobschuetz, Dhingra M S and Sumption K. 2020. Introduction and spread of lumpy skin disease in South, East and Southeast Asia: Qualitative risk assessment and management. Rome: FAO.
Rouby S and Aboulsoud E. 2016. Evidence of intrauterine transmission of lumpy skin disease virus. Veterinary Journal 209: 193–95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.11.010
Roy S, Bhandari V, Barman M, Kumar P, Bhanot V, Arora J S, Singh S and Sharma P. 2021. Population genetic analysis of the Theileria annulata parasites identified limited diversity and multiplicity of infection in the vaccine from India. Frontiers in Microbiology 11: 3471. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.579929
Salib F A and Osman A H. 2011. Incidence of lumpy skin disease among Egyptian cattle in Giza Governorate, Egypt. Veterinary World 4: 162–67. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5455/vetworld.2011.162-167
Salnikov N, Kolcov T U A, Morgunov S Z Y, Gogin V G A and Yurkov I T S. 2018. Identification and characterization of lumpy skin disease virus isolated from cattle in the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania in 2015. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 65: 916–20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12818
Sanz-Bernardo B, Haga I R, Wijesiriwardana N, Hawes P C, Simpson J, Morrison L R, MacIntyre N, Brocchi E, Atkinson J, Haegeman A, De Clercq K, Darpel K E and Beard P M. 2020. Lumpy skin disease is characterized by severe multifocal dermatitis with necrotizing fibrinoid vasculitis following experimental infection. Veterinary Pathology 57: 388–96. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0300985820913268
Sevik M, Avci O, M D and Ince Ö B. 2016. Serum biochemistry of lumpy skin disease virus-infected cattle. BioMed Research International 2016: 6257984. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/6257984
Sohier C, Haegeman A, Mostin L, De Leeuw I, Van Campe W, De Vleeschauwer A, Tuppurainen E S M, van den Berg T, De Regge N, De Clercq K. 2019. Experimental evidence of mechanical lumpy skin disease virus transmission by Stomoxys calcitrans biting flies and Haematopota spp. horseflies. Scientific Report 9: 1–10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-56605-6
Sprygin A, Pestova Y, Wallace D B, Tuppurainen E, Kononov A V. 2019. Transmission of lumpy skin disease virus: a short review. Virus Research 269: 197637. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2019.05.015
Stram Y, Kuznetzova L, Friedgut O, Gelman B, Yadin H, Rubinstein-Guini M. 2008. The use of lumpy skin disease virus genome termini for detection and phylogenetic analysis. Journal of Virological Methods 15: 225–29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2008.05.003
Sudhakar S B, Mishra N, Kalaiyarasu S, Jhade S K, Hemadri D, Sood R, Bal G C, Nayak M K, Pradhan S K and Singh V P. 2020. Lumpy skin disease (LSD) outbreaks in cattle in Odisha state, India in August 2019: Epidemiological features and molecular studies. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 67: 2408–22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.13579
Tageldin M H, Wallace D B, Gerdes G H, Putterill J F, Greyling R R, Phosiwa M N, Al Busaidy R M, Al Ismaaily S I. 2014. Lumpy skin disease of cattle: An emerging problem in the Sultanate of Oman. Tropical Animal Health and Production 46: 241–246. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-013-0483-3
Tran H T T, Truong A D, Dang A K, Ly D V, Nguyen C T, Chu N T, Hoang T V, Nguyen H T, Nguyen V T and Dang H V. 2021. Lumpy skin disease outbreaks in Vietnam, 2020. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 68: 977–80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.14022
Tulman E, Afonso C, Lu Z, Zsak L, Kutish G, Rock D. 2001. Genome of LSDV Journal of Virology 75: 7122–30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.75.15.7122-7130.2001
Tulman E R, Afonso C L, Lu Z, Zsak L, Sur J H, Sandybaev N T, Kerembekova U Z, Zaitsev V L, Kutish G F and Rock D L. 2002. The genomes of sheeppox and goatpox viruses. Journal of Virology 76: 6054–61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.76.12.6054-6061.2002
Tuppurainen E, Venter E H, Shisler J L, Gari G, Mekonnen G A, Juleff N, Lyons N A, De Clercq K, Upton C, Bowden T R et al. 2017b. Review: Capripoxvirus diseases: Current status and opportunities for control. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 64:729–45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12444
Tuppurainen E S, Alexandrov T, Beltrán-Alcrudo D. 2017a. Lumpy skin disease-A manual for veterinarians. FAO Animal Production and Health Manual. Tuppurainen E S, Babiuk S and Klement E. 2018. Lumpy Skin Disease. Springer, Cham. Tuppurainen E S and Oura CAL. 2012. Review: lumpy skin disease: An emerging threat to Europe, the Middle East and Asia. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 59: 40–48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1865-1682.2011.01242.x
Tuppurainen E S, Pearson CR, Bachanek-Bankowska K, Knowles N J, Amareen S, Frost L, Henstock M R, Lamien C E, Diallo A, Mertens P P. 2014. Characterization of sheep pox virus vaccine for cattle against lumpy skin disease virus. Antiviral Research 109: 1–6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.06.009
Tuppurainen E S, Stoltsz W H, Troskie M, Wallace D B, Oura C A L, Mellor P S, Coetzer J A and Venter E H. 2011. A potential role for ixodid (hard) tick vectors in the transmission of lumpy skin disease virus in cattle. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 58: 93–104. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1865-1682.2010.01184.x
Tuppurainen E S, Venter E H, Coetzer J A and Bell-Sakyi L. 2015. Lumpy skin disease: Attempted propagation in tick cell lines and presence of viral DNA in field ticks collected from naturally-infected cattle. Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases 6: 134–40. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2014.11.002
Tuppurainen E S, Venter EH and Coetzer J AW. 2005. The detection of lumpy skin disease virus in samples of experimentally infected cattle using different diagnostic techniques. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 72: 153–164. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/ojvr.v72i2.213
USDA. 2016. Lumpy skin disease standard operating procedures: 1, pp. 1–10. Overview of Etiology and Ecology. October 2016 ed. Maryland.
Vora R and Kulkarni V. 2020. Lumpy skin disease becomes worst nightmare for farmers in a dozen States. Business Line Sect. Section|:Start Page| (col. Column)|. Weiss K E. 1968. Lumpy skin disease virus. Cytomegaloviruses. Rinderpest Virus. Lumpy Skin Disease Virus JBHPE Weiss editor Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. Woods J A. 1988. Lumpy skin disease—a review. Tropical Animal Health and Production 20: 11–17.
Woods J A. 1990. Lumpy skin disease. Virus Infections of Ruminants Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers. Zeedan G S G, Mahmoud A H, Abdalhamed A M, Abd El KAEH. 2019. Detection of lumpy skin disease virus in cattle using real-time polymerase chain reaction and serological diagnostic assays in different governorates in Egypt in 2017. Veterinary World 12: 1093. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2019.1093-1100
Zeynalova S, Asadov K, Guliyev F, Vatani M AND Aliyev V. 2016. Epizootology and Molecular Diagnosis of Lumpy Skin Disease among Livestock in Azerbaijan. Frontiers in Microbiology 7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01022
Zhugunissov K, Bulatov Y, Orynbayev M, Kutumbetov L, Abduraimov Y, Shayakhmetov Y, Taranov D, Amanova Z, Mambetaliyev M, Absatova Z and Azanbekova M. 2020. Goatpox virus (G20-LKV) vaccine strain elicits a protective response in cattle against lumpy skin disease at challenge with lumpy skin disease virulent field strain in a comparative study. Veterinary Microbiology 245: 108695. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108695
Downloads
Submitted
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 The Indian Journal of Animal Sciences

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The copyright of the articles published in The Indian Journal of Animal Sciences is vested with the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, which reserves the right to enter into any agreement with any organization in India or abroad, for reprography, photocopying, storage and dissemination of information. The Council has no objection to using the material, provided the information is not being utilized for commercial purposes and wherever the information is being used, proper credit is given to ICAR.