Uterine torsion in bovines: a review

Abstract

The bovines are at a higher risk of uterine torsion around the start of parturition process. Various existing suppositions concerning the maternal and the fetal destabilizing factors liable for the occurrence of uterine torsion in bovines are unrealistic, however some of these have been justified by logical interpretations. Considerable correlation exists between the constriction of uterine blood vessels and the degree of uterine torsion. This is illustrated by the decrease in blood circulation to uterus with an increase in the degree of torsion. Pathological changes of uterus and cervix are severe with an increase in severity (higher degree of torsion persisting for a prolonged duration) of uterine torsion. The occurrence of uterine torsion increases adrenocortical activity and influences blood vascular cellular components as well as the metabolism of liver, kidney and muscular system. The recorded alterations in blood parameters are suggestive of deteriorating condition of the dam and thus help to decide about the institution of various therapies, viz. anti-stress, liver protection and electrolyte therapy. For considering the prognosis of a uterine torsion case at the time of presentation, the patients can be categorized into either of the 3 stages, viz. stage of positive prognosis, less positive prognosis or poor prognosis. Duration and degree of torsion is taken into account while deciding about the survival prognosis of unborn calf and dam as well as the future reproductive health of dam. Prognosis is best when duration of torsion is <36 h and worsens with the further elapse of time. Ovariohysterectomy is considered to increase the chances of survival of bovines with severe uterine torsion and uterine tissue compromise. At the end, acute nature of this emergency warrants timely diagnosis and treatment.