Immunodeficiency diseases of livestock and poultry: A review

Abstract

Immunodeficiency diseases involve the various abnormalities of immune system including congenital and acquired. The cause of congenital or primary immunodeficiencies is defects in genes as a result of drugs, infections and other environmental factors. The acquired or secondary immunodeficiencies occur due to immunosuppression associated with occurrence of other diseases, like tumors, infections, environmental pollution, malnutrition etc., in previously healthy individuals. The diagnosis of these diseases involves assessment of functional status of various components of immune system such as T-cells, Beeta-cells, macrophages. complements, cytokines, etc. The prognosis ranges from good through guarded to bad depending upon the type and severity of the disease. The treatment usually requires a long duration and envisages antibiotics, immnuglobulin supplementation, stem cell transplantation, immunomodulators, enzyme substitution