Viruses of spices and their management

Abstract

This article presents a comprehensive overview of viruses affecting vegetatively propagated spice crops, particularly black pepper, small cardamom, and large cardamom. It examines the biology of each causal virus, their geographic distribution, economic significance, characteristic symptoms, and modes of transmission including through infected planting material and insect vectors. Given the challenges posed by vegetative propagation, the article emphasizes the importance of integrated management approaches, including early detection using molecular diagnostics, production of virus-free planting material, vector control, and cultural practices. These strategies are critical for ensuring sustainable spice cultivation and mitigating the impact of viral diseases on crop yield and quality.